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. 2023 Sep 30;16:198. doi: 10.1186/s13048-023-01278-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — VEGFA improved excessive autophagy of GCs via PI3K/AKT/mTOR in ovarian culture in vitro. A The histologic features of the ovary in CTX damaging three-day-old rats rescued by VEGFA; scale bar: 100 μm. B The number of primordial and primary follicles in ovaries of Control, CTX, and CTX + VEGFA groups. C The autophagy proteins (P62, Beclin-1, and LC3A/B) and marker protein (Cyp19a1) expressions in GCs in ovaries among Control, CTX, and CTX + VEGFA groups. D Cyp19a1 and Ki67 expressions in ovaries among Control, CTX, and CTX + VEGFA groups by immunofluorescence detection; scale bar: 50 μm. E The effects of follicle development related genes Lhx8, Nanos3, Lin28a, Nobox and Bmp15 in transcriptional level among Control, CTX and CTX + VEGFA groups. F The autophagy protein LC3B expression in ovaries among Control, CTX, and CTX + VEGFA groups via immunofluorescence detection; scale bar: 50 μm. G The levels of lipid peroxidation products 4-HNE in ovaries among Control, CTX, and CTX + VEGFA groups; scale bar: 50 μm. The oxidative stress markers GSH (H) and MDA (I) levels in ovaries among Control, CTX, and CTX + VEGFA groups. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01