Table 1.
Summary of studies included in the review. All studies were published in the year 2020
| No | Author | Country | Study method | N | Sex (M/F ratio) | Comorbidities (N) | Cardiovascular symptoms (N) | Cardiovascular complications (N) | Cardiac markers rise (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chen et al. 43 | China | Retrospective cohort | 99 | 2.09 | CVD: 40, CPD: 1 | CP: 2 | HF: 1 | LDH: 75, CK-MB: 13 |
| 2 | Zhang et al. 44 | China | Retrospective cohort | 82 | 1.60 | HTN: 46, HD: 17, CKD: 4, CLD: 2, DM: 15, CPD: 12 | CP: 36 | ACI: 73 | Tn: 52, LDH: 68, CK-MB: 21 |
| 3 | Wang et al. 18 | China | Retrospective cohort | 138 | 1.19 | CVD: 20, HTN: 43, CKD: 4, CLD: 4, DM: 14, CPD: 4 | HR: 88, MAP: 90 | AMI: 10, Arrhythmia: 23 | NR |
| 4 | Liu et al. 45 | China | Retrospective cohort | 291 | 0.84 | HTN: 54, CHD: 12, HF: 1, Arrhythmia: 2, DM: 22 | CP: 1, HR: 84, SBP: 124, Palpitation: 3 | ACI: 15 | Tn: 15 |
| 5 | Hui et al. 46 | China | Retrospective cohort | 41 | 0.86 | Arrhythmia: 1, CAD: 3, HTN: 5, DM: 2 | Tachycardia: 3 | Arrhythmia: 2, ACI: 4 | Tn: 4 |
| 6 | Huang et al. 12 | China | Prospective cohort | 41 | 2.72 | HTN: 6, CVD: 6, CLD: 1, DM: 8, CPD: 1 | SBP: 125 | ACI: 5 | Tn: 5, LDH: 29, CK-MB: 13 |
| 7 | Yang et al. 47 | China | Retrospective cohort | 52 | 2.05 | CHD: 5, DM: 9, CPD: 4 | CP: 1, HR: 89 | ACI: 12 | NR |
| 8 | Ma et al. 32 | China | Retrospective Cohort | 84 | 1.33 | HTN: 12, Cardiopathy: 5, CKD: 1, CLD: 11, DM: 10, CPD: 5 | CP: 1, Bradycardia: 3, Tachycardia: 3 | Myocarditis: 4, Arrhythmia: 4, AMI: 13 | Tn: 9 |
| 9 | Wang et al. 30 | China | Retrospective cohort | 339 | 0.95 | HTN: 133, CVD: 53, CKD: 13, CLD: 2, DM: 54, CPD: 21 | CP: 88, HR: 82, MAP: 94 | ACI: 70, HF: 58 Arrhythmia: 35 | NR |
| 10 | Liu et al. 19 | China | Retrospective cohort | 137 | 0.80 | HTN: 13, CVD: 10, DM: 14, CPD: 2 | Palpitation: 10 | NR | NR |
| 11 | Zhou et al. 41 | China | Retrospective cohort | 191 | 1.65 | HTN: 58, CHD: 15, CKD: 2, DM: 36, CPD: 6 | NR | HF: 44, ACI: 33 | Tn: 24, LDH: 123, CK-MB: 22 |
| 12 | Wei et al. 48 | China | Prospective cohort | 101 | 1.14 | HTN: 21, CAD: 5, DM: 14, CPD: 1 | CP: 11 | AMI: 16 | Tn: 16 |
| 13 | Shi et al. 49 | China | Retrospective cohort | 671 | 0.92 | HTN: 199, CHD: 60, CHF: 22, Arrhythmia: 7, CKD: 28, DM: 97, CPD: 23 | NR | AMI: 20, HF: 12 | NR |
| 14 | Zheng et al. 14 | China | Retrospective cohort | 34 | 2.09 | HTN: 22, CVD: 4, CKD: 2, CLD: 4, DM: 8, CPD: 2 | HR: 79, MAP: 89 | ACI: 13 | NR |
| 15 | Chen et al. 21 | China | Retrospective cohort | 274 | 1.66 | HTN: 93, CVD: 23, CHF: 1, CKD: 4, CLD: 11, DM: 47, CPD: 18 | CP: 103, HR: 94, MAP: 129 | ACI: 89, HF: 43 | Tn: 83, LDH: 116 |
| 16 | Hong et al. 38 | Korea | Retrospective cohort | 98 | 0.63 | CVD: 11, HTN: 30, CLD: 1, DM: 9, CPD: 3 | HR: 84.7, MAP: 96.1 | ACI: 11 | LDH: 47, CK-MB: 11 |
| 17 | Zhang et al. 50 | China | Retrospective cohort | 221 | 0.95 | HTN: 54, CVD: 22, CKD: 6, CLD: 7, DM: 22, CPD: 6 | HR: 84, MAP: 90 | ACI: 17, Arrhythmia: 24 | NR |
| 18 | Wan et al. 51 | China | Retrospective cohort | 135 | 1.14 | HTN: 13, CVD: 7, CLD: 2, DM: 12, CPD: 1 | CP: 12, BP: 120/76, MAP: 90.66 | ACI: 10 | LDH: 58, CK-MB: 10 |
| 19 | Zhang et al. 52 | China | Retrospective cohort | 19 | 1.37 | HTN: 11, CHD: 3, DM: 4, CPD: 3 | NR | ACI: 9 | Tn: 9 |
| 20 | Li et al. 53 | China | Retrospective cohort | 54 | 1.70 | HTN: 15, CAD: 7, DM: 7, CPD: 4 | NR | ACI: 23 | Tn: 23 |
| 21 | Shi et al. 54 | China | Retrospective cohort | 416 | 0.97 | HTN: 127, CHD: 44, CHF: 17, CKD: 14, CLD: 4, DM: 60, CPD: 12 | CP: 14 | AMI: 82 | Tn: 82 |
| 22 | Aggarwal et al. 55 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 16 | 3 | HTN: 9, CAD: 3, CHF: 4, CKD: 6, DM: 5, CPD: 2 | CP: 1, HR: 94, MAP: 94, Hypotension: 5, Tachycardia: 5 | AMI: 3, HF: 2, ACS: 4, Arrhythmia: 1 | LDH: 13 |
| 23 | Suleyman et al. 28 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 463 | 0.78 | HTN: 295, CAD: 59, HF: 49, CKD: 208, DM: 178, CPD: 122 | HR: 96 | NR | Tn: 107 |
| 24 | Yang et al. 56 | China | Retrospective cohort | 114 | 0.96 | CVD: 12, CKD: 1, CPD:1 | NR | NR | Tn: 114, CK-MB: 8 |
| 25 | Richardson et al. 57 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 5,700 | 1.51 | HTN: 3026, CAD: 595, HF: 371, CKD: 454, CLD: 30, DM: 1,808, CPD: 766 | HR: 97, Tachycardia: 2,457 | NR | Tn: 801 |
| 26 | Feng et al. 58 | China | Retrospective cohort | 476 | 1.32 | HTN: 113, CVD: 38, CKD: 4, DM: 49, CPD: 22 | CP: 21 | NR | Tn: 86 |
| 27 | Yang et al. 59 | China | Retrospective cohort | 200 | 0.96 | HTN: 45, HD: 11, CKD: 3, CLD: 2, DM: 21, CPD: 7 | NR | ACI: 20 | LDH: 74, CK-MB: 5 |
| 28 | Jin et al. 60 | China | Retrospective cohort | 93 | 0.78 | HTN: 16, CVD: 1, DM: 7, CPD: 3 | CP: 5 | ACI: 9 | Tn: 9 |
| 29 | Wang et al. 27 | China | Retrospective cohort | 77 | 1.96 | HTN: 33, HD: 18, CKD: 7, CLD: 4, DM: 18, CPD: 8 | NR | AMI: 34 | Tn: 34, LDH: 68, CK-MB: 14 |
| 30 | Liu et al. 61 | China | Retrospective cohort | 1,190 | 1.14 | HTN: 308, CHD: 86, CKD: 30, CLD: 40, DM: 144, CPD: 22 | NR | ACI: 82 | NR |
| 31 | Lombardi et al. 62 | Italy | Cross-sectional | 614 | 2.43 | HTN: 350, HF: 87, Arrhythmia:100, CAD: 137, CKD: 110, DM: 148, CPD:58 | HR: 86.5, MAP: 92.33 | HF: 51, AMI: 17 | Tn: 278 |
| 32 | Li et al. 63 | China | Retrospective cohort | 100 | 1.27 | HTN: 40, CVD: 15, CLD: 3, DM: 21, CPD: 12 | CP: 2, HR: 92.5, MAP: 99.3 | ACI: 25 | Tn: 10 |
| 33 | Ghio et al. 64 | Italy | Retrospective cohort | 405 | 2.18 | CVD: 268, CKD: 38, DM: 79, CPD: 58 | CP: 16, HR: 88, MAP: 98.33 | AMI: 74, Arrhythmia: 29 | Tn: 74 |
| 34 | Lazzeri et al. 65 | Italy | Cross-sectional | 28 | 3.66 | HTN: 25, HD: 8, CKD: 1, DM: 11, CPD: 2 | NR | AMI: 11 | Tn: 11 |
| 35 | Fan et al. 66 | China | Retrospective cohort | 73 | 2.04 | HTN: 24, CVD: 7 | NR | ACI: 16 | Tn: 16 |
| 36 | Guo et al. 67 | China | Retrospective cohort | 187 | 0.94 | HTN: 61, CHD: 21, CMP: 8, CKD: 6, DM: 28, CPD: 4 | NR | AMI: 52, Arrhythmia: 11 | Tn: 52 |
| 37 | Ferguson et al. 68 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 72 | CVD: 43, HTN: 26, DM: 20, CPD: 10 | CP: 8, Bradycardia: 2 | CMP: 2, ACI: 2, Arrhythmia: 4 | Tn: 2 | |
| 38 | Abrams et al. 69 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 133 | 1.25 | HTN: 110, CHF: 31, CAD: 35, Arrhythmia: 31, CKD: 35, DM: 70, CPD: 28 | ACI: 91, Arrhythmia: 17 | Tn: 91 | |
| 39 | Chen et al. 70 | China | Retrospective cohort | 21 | 4.25 | HTN: 5, DM: 3 | CP: 11, HR: 89 | ACI: 2 | Tn: 2, LDH: 11 |
| 40 | Xie et al. 26 | China | Retrospective cohort | 733 | 1.86 | HTN: 308, CHD: 93, CHF: 15, CKD: 13, CLD: 11, DM: 138, CPD: 37 | NR | ACI: 357 | Tn: 357 |
| 41 | Russo et al. 71 | Italy | Retrospective cohort | 414 | 1.57 | HTN: 263, HF: 46, CAD: 66, Arrhythmia: 72, CKD: 64, DM: 106, CPD: 88 | NR | Arrhythmia: 50 | NR |
| 42 | Xiong et al. 72 | China | Retrospective cohort | 116 | 2.22 | HTN: 45, CHD: 17, CVD: 8, CLD: 2, DM: 19, CPD: 1 | CP: 50, HR: 86, MAP: 96.7, Palpitation: 13 | ACI: 23, HF: 21 | Tn: 16, LDH: 69, CK-MB: 19 |
| 43 | Li et al. 73 | China | Retrospective cohort | 312 | 1.49 | HTN: 178, CVD: 93, CKD: 10, CLD: 11, DM: 121, CPD: 27 | NR | Shock: 76, ACI: 103 | NR |
| 44 | Guo et al. 74 | China | Retrospective cohort | 105 | 0.84 | HTN: 46, CD: 17, CKD: 5, CLD: 5, DM: 27, CPD: 9 | NR | ACI: 5 | LDH: 43, CK-MB: 12 |
| 45 | He et al. 75 | China | Retrospective cohort | 288 | 0.83 | HTN: 84, CVD: 85, CKD: 8, CLD: 10, DM: 24, CPD: 5 | NR | ACI: 22 | Tn: 22 |
| 46 | Li et al. 76 | China | Retrospective cohort | 204 | 0.96 | HTN: 74, CD: 44, CKD: 5, DM: 39, CPD: 21 | CP: 33 | ACI: 27 | Tn: 60, CK-MB: 15 |
| 47 | Du et al. 77 | China | Retrospective cohort | 85 | 2.69 | HTN: 32, CHD: 10, CKD: 3, CLD: 5, DM: 19, CPD: 2 | CP: 2 | AMI: 38, Arrhythmia: 51 | LDH: 70, CK-MB: 31 |
| 48 | Huang et al. 78 | China | Retrospective cohort | 202 | 1.34 | HTN: 29, CVD: 5, CLD: 4, DM: 19, CPD: 7 | NR | AMI: 2 | Tn: 2 |
| 49 | Li et al. 79 | China | Retrospective cohort | 25 | 0.66 | HTN: 16, HD: 8, CKD: 5, CLD: 1, DM: 10, CPD: 2 | NR | Tn: 11, LDH: 9 | |
| 50 | Palmieri et al. 80 | Italy | Retrospective cohort | 3,032 | HTN: 2,071, IHD: 856, HF: 490, Arrhythmia: 681, CKD: 618, CLD: 120, DM: 914, CPD: 498 | NR | ACI: 314 | NR | |
| 51 | Mughal et al. 81 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 129 | 1.68 | HTN: 56, CAD: 10, HF: 12, CKD: 10, DM: 25, CPD: 12 | MAP: 94 | ACI: 9, Arrhythmia: 8 | NR |
| 52 | Wang et al. 82 | China | Retrospective cohort | 59 | 1.81 | HTN: 31, CAD: 13, CLD: 4, DM: 15, CPD: 8 | CP: 31 | ACI: 38, Arrhythmia: 16 | NR |
| 53 | Stefanini et al. 83 | Italy | Retrospective cohort | 397 | 2.05 | HTN: 224, MI: 33, Arrhythmia: 39, CVD: 31, CKD: 85, CLD: 18, DM: 97, CPD: 35 | Tachycardia: 72 | ACI: 40 | Tn: 40 |
| 54 | Wang et al. 84 | China | Retrospective cohort | 319 | 0.91 | HTN: 139, CVD: 57, DM: 37 | Tachycardia: 40, Bradycardia: 19 | Arrhythmia: 20 | Tn: 74 |
| 55 | Heberto et al. 85 | Mexico | Prospective cohort | 254 | 1.91 | CHD: 14, HTN: 90, CKD: 2, DM: 80 | NR | Arrhythmias: 20, AMI: 73 | Tn: 73 |
| 56 | Li et al. 86 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2,068 | 0.94 | HTN: 722, HF: 14, CAD: 182, ARRHY: 24, CKD: 31, DM: 292, CPD: 32 | CP: 65, HR: 90, Palpitation: 45 | ACI: 181, Arrhythmia: 151 | Tn: 181, CK-MB: 40 |
| 57 | Cao et al. 87 | China | Retrospective cohort | 244 | 1.19 | HTN: 75, DM: 36 | CP: 3, HR: 87.26, MAP: 87.26 | AMI: 45 | Tn: 45, CK-MB: 153 |
| 58 | Lorente-Ros et al. 88 | Spain | Retrospective cohort | 707 | 1.68 | HTN: 357, HF: 290, IHD: 66, Arrhythmia: 240, CKD: 79, DM: 143, CPD: 172 | NR | AMI: 148 | Tn: 148 |
| 59 | Yang et al. 89 | China | Retrospective cohort | 203 | 1.30 | HTN: 80, CVD: 9, DM: 29, CPD: 6 | NR | AMI: 38 | NR |
| 60 | Qian et al. 90 | China | Retrospective cohort | 77 | 2.20 | HTN: 39, CVD: 18, CAD: 11, HF: 2, CKD: 4, DM: 17, CPD: 3 | NR | AMI: 41, Arrhythmia: 19 | NR |
| 61 | Shah et al. 24 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 309 | 0.74 | HTN: 261, HF: 65, CKD: 48, CLD: 5, DM: 143, CPD: 88 | NR | AMI: 116 | Tn: 116 |
| 62 | Zhao et al. 91 | China | Retrospective cohort | 83 | 2.32 | HTN: 42, CVD: 13, CKD: 4, CLD: 5, DM: 30, CPD: 7 | HR: 99, MAP: 93 | AMI: 37 | Tn: 37 |
| 63 | Chen et al. 92 | China | Retrospective cohort | 681 | 1.13 | HTN: 293, CAD: 80, CKD: 27, DM: 114, CPD: 15 | Palpitation: 17 | AMI: 139 | Tn: 139 |
| 64 | Lala et al. 93 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2,736 | 1.47 | HTN: 1,065, HF: 276, CAD: 453, Arrhythmia: 206, CKD: 273, DM: 719, CPD: 387 | Tachycardia: 647, Hypotension: 228 | AMI: 985 | Tn: 985 |
| 65 | Deng et al. 23 | China | Retrospective cohort | 264 | 0.97 | HTN: 100, CHD: 32, CKD: 9, CLD: 14, DM: 41, CPD: 8 | NR | AMI: 45 | Tn: 45 |
| 66 | Karbalai Saleh et al. 94 | Iran | Prospective cohort | 386 | 1.57 | HTN: 142, CVD: 97, CKD: 16, DM: 133, CPD: 27 | HR: 87.67 | AMI: 115 | Tn: 115 |
| 67 | Xu et al. 95 | China | Retrospective cohort | 53 | 1.12 | HTN: 8, CVD: 6, DM: 8, CPD: 3 | Tachycardia: 15, Angina: 8 | AMI: 6, Arrhythmia: 4 | NR |
| 68 | Argenziano et al. 96 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 1,000 | 1.47 | HTN: 601, CAD: 131, HF: 102, CKD: 137, CLD: 34, DM: 372, CPD: 179 | NR | MI: 8, HF: 24, Arrhythmia: 79 | NR |
| 69 | Linschoten et al. 97 | Multi-country | Retrospective cohort | 3,011 | 1.68 | HTN: 1,317, CAD: 463, HF: 160, Arrhythmia: 453, CKD: 313, DM: 690, CPD: 373 | NR | HF: 55, ACS: 15, Myocarditis: 3, Arrhythmia: 378 | NR |
| 70 | Saleh et al. 98 | Germany | Prospective cohort | 40 | 1.66 | HTN: 19, HD: 10, DM: 11 | Chest pain: 11 | HF: 5, Arrhythmia: 13 | Tn: 25, CK-MB: 17 |
| 71 | Papageorgiou et al. 99 | UK | Retrospective Cohort | 613 | 1.50 | HTN: 288, HD: 86, DM: 199, CPD: 142 | CP: 63 | HF: 44, MI: 19, AMI: 287, Arrhythmia: 47 | |
| 72 | Becerra-Muñoz et al. 100 | Spain | Retrospective Cohort | 1,520 | 1.51 | HTN: 1,047, HD: 562, Arrhythmia: 247, CKD: 164, CLD: 61, DM: 377, CPD: 380 | NR | HF: 143 | Tn: 150 |
| 73 | Yan et al. 101 | China | Retrospective Cohort | 119 | 0.80 | HTN: 60, CHD: 19, CKD: 4, DM: 26, CPD: 2 | Chest pain: 9 | NR | Tn: 27 |
| 74 | Arcari et al. 102 | Italy | Retrospective Cohort | 111 | 0.85 | HTN: 62, CVD: 35, Arrhythmia: 21, CAD: 12, HF: 8, CKD: 7, DM: 21, CPD: 26 | NR | NR | Tn: 39 |
No: Number of studies; N: Number of patients; CVD: Cardiovascular diseases; IHD: Ischemic heart diseases; HTN: Hypertension; CHD: Chronic heart disease; HF: Heart failure; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CLD: Chronic liver disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CPD: Chronic pulmonary disease; HR: Heart rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; CP: Chest pain; AC(M)I: Acute cardiac (myocardial) injury; CMP: Cardiomyopathy; MI: Myocardial infarction; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; cTn: Cardiac troponin; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CK-MB: Creatine kinase–myocardial band; CK: Creatine kinase; NR: Not reported, not reported by number, or incomplete