Figure 3. Spillover effects of reactive, focal malaria interventions on prevalence by distance to nearest intervention recipient.

Spillover effects include individuals with no intervention recipients < 500m and any intervention recipients within different distance radii. a) Includes effects of the human intervention by comparing arms with rfMDA vs. those with RACD. b) Includes effects of the mosquito intervention by comparing arms with RAVC vs. those without RAVC. c) Includes effects of the combined intervention by comparing arms with rfMDA vs. RACD and rfMDA + RAVC vs. RACD only. Effects on prevalence estimated with TMLE using individual-level data; standard errors were adjusted for clustering at the enumeration area level. Models were adjusted for covariates that were screened separately for each model using a likelihood ratio test. Models were unadjusted because there were fewer than 10 malaria cases per variable. % Effectiveness was calculated as the ratio of incidence or prevalence between study arms minus 1 × 100%.