Table 1. Participant Characteristics, Overall and by Race.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 7720) | Black (n = 2074) | White (n = 5646) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 71.9 (8.3) | 70.4 (8.1) | 72.4 (8.3) | <.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 4390 (56.9) | 1431 (69.0) | 2959 (52.4) | <.001 |
| Men | 3330 (43.1) | 643 (31.0) | 2687 (47.6) | |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 441 (5.7) | 216 (10.4) | 225 (4.0) | <.001 |
| High school graduate | 1652 (21.4) | 515 (24.8) | 1137 (20.1) | |
| Some college | 2031 (26.3) | 611 (29.5) | 1420 (25.2) | |
| College graduate and above | 3595 (46.6) | 731 (35.3) | 2864 (50.7) | |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||
| Refused to answer | 1045 (13.5) | 264 (12.7) | 781 (13.8) | <.001 |
| <$20 000 | 791 (10.3) | 397 (19.1) | 394 (7.0) | |
| 20 000-34 999 | 1610 (20.9) | 498 (24.0) | 1112 (19.7) | |
| 35 000-74 999 | 2514 (32.6) | 651 (31.4) | 1863 (33.0) | |
| ≥75 000 | 1760 (22.8) | 264 (12.7) | 1496 (26.5) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 359 (4.7) | 176 (8.5) | 183 (3.2) | <.001 |
| Divorced | 1026 (13.3) | 431 (20.8) | 595 (10.6) | |
| Married | 4617 (59.9) | 874 (42.2) | 3743 (66.4) | |
| Widowed | 1613 (20.9) | 529 (25.5) | 1084 (19.2) | |
| Othera | 98 (1.3) | 63 (3.0) | 35 (0.6) | |
| Neighborhood stressors | ||||
| Neighborhood physical characteristics, mean (SD)b | 10.2 (3.2) | 11.2 (3.8) | 9.8 (2.9) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood safety | ||||
| Unsafe | 2504 (32.4) | 1134 (54.7) | 1370 (24.3) | <.001 |
| Safe | 3075 (39.8) | 683 (32.9) | 2392 (42.4) | |
| Very safe | 2141 (27.7) | 257 (12.4) | 1884 (33.4) | |
| Neighborhood social cohesion, mean (SD)c | 15.7 (1.9) | 15.5 (2.0) | 15.7 (1.9) | <.001 |
| Individual stressors | ||||
| Perceived stress, mean (SD)d | 2.9 (2.7) | 3.2 (2.8) | 2.8 (2.7) | <.001 |
| Discrimination | 2949 (38.2) | 1596 (77.0) | 1353 (24.0) | <.001 |
a
Other indicates unknown or refused to answer.
b
Higher scores indicate more problems in the neighborhood.
c
Higher scores indicate higher social cohesion.
d
Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress.