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. 2023 Sep 15;13:1200619. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1200619

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Hypoxia promotes the release of HIF, leading to an increase in VEGF, which in turn promotes the growth of tumor vessels. HIF also promotes the expression of PD-L1 on MDSC, DC, and tumor cells; promotes EMT via the Wnt and Notch pathways. Finally, HIF also promotes the production of collagen fibers. DC, Dendritic cells; PD-L, Programmed cell death ligand; MDSC, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; HIF1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; CTGF, Connective tissue growth factor.