Table 3. Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Impacts of Unconditional Cash Transfer on Child Health, Nutrition, Sleep, and Healthcare Utilization.
| Outcome | ES (SE)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 1 y (n = 929) | Age 2 y (n = 919) | Age 3 y (n = 920) | Cumulative impacts (ages 1-3 y) (n = 2768)b | |
| Health outcomes | ||||
| Maternal rating of child’s overall health, z | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.05) |
| Maternal report of whether child has a diagnosis of health condition or disabilityc | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02)d |
| Nutritione | ||||
| Healthy foods consumed per d, z | NA | 0.17 (0.07)f | NA | NA |
| Unhealthy food consumed per d, z | NA | 0.03 (0.06) | NA | NA |
| Sleep | ||||
| PROMIS–Sleep disturbance scale, z | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.05) |
| Health care utilization | ||||
| ≥2 Physician visits due to illnessc | 0.05 (0.4) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| ≥2 Physician visits due to injuryc | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) |
| ED or urgent care visits, z | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.05) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; ES, effect size; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System.
Except for healthy food consumption, larger values indicate poorer outcomes in that domain. ES reflects the standardized difference between the 2 groups, divided by the SD of the control group. Robust SEs are in parentheses. P values were adjusted using the Westfall-Young procedure, such that family-wise adjustments for multiple comparisons were made for each statistical test conducted within the same construct in the same wave (ie, 4 families for each time point). Estimates are adjusted for the covariates listed in Table 1 (except Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Women, Infants, and Children program participation), site-based fixed effects, survey administration method (ie, telephone or in-person) at the age-1 survey, and child age at the time of the assessment.
Cumulative impacts reflect the estimates of the intervention on the respective outcome, pooled across waves (ie, age 1, 2, and 3 years).
Marginal effects for dichotomous outcomes are available in eTable 1 in Supplement 2.
P < .10.
Nutrition items were only administered at the age-2 visit.
P < .05.