Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population: 2010–2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Data
| Unweighted population (n = 2,710) | Weighted population (n = 1,858) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSRIs/SNRIs (n = 2,402) |
Psychotherapy (n = 308) |
ASMD | SSRIs/SNRIs (n = 1,652) |
Psychotherapy (n = 206) |
ASMD | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 63 (9.2) | 59.2 (8.0) | 0.43* | 60.5 (7.8) | 60.8 (8.4) | −0.03 |
| PHQ-2, median (IQR) | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.9) | 0.21* | 1.4 (1.8) | 1.4 (1.8) | 0.04 |
| Cognitive impairment, n (%) | 451 (18.8) | 90 (29.2) | 0.25* | 337 (20.4) | 44 (21.5) | −0.03 |
| Female, n (%) | 1688 (70.3) | 187 (60.7) | 0.20* | 1133 (68.6) | 143 (69.3) | −0.02 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 1783 (87.0) | 211 (78.7) | 0.22* | 1404 (84.9) | 170 (82.3) | 0.07 |
| Black | 161 (7.9) | 42 (15.7) | 0.24* | 153 (9.3) | 26 (12.7) | −0.11* |
| Others | 106 (5.2) | 15 (5.6) | 0.02 | 96 (5.8) | 10 (5.1) | 0.03 |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 271 (11.3) | 34 (11.0) | 0.01 | 196 (11.9) | 24 (11.8) | 0 |
| Region, n (%) | ||||||
| Northeast | 356 (14.8) | 85 (27.6) | 0.32* | 286 (17.3) | 33 (16.2) | 0.03 |
| Midwest | 593 (24.7) | 79 (25.6) | 0.02 | 446 (27) | 55 (26.5) | 0.01 |
| South | 922 (38.4) | 74 (24.0) | 0.31* | 512 (31) | 71 (34.5) | −0.07 |
| West | 531 (22.1) | 70 (22.7) | 0.01 | 409 (24.7) | 47 (22.8) | 0.05 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| No degree | 284 (15.4) | 29 (11.9) | 0.10 | 223 (13.5) | 32 (15.5) | −0.06 |
| General education development | 87 (4.7) | 11 (4.5) | 0.01 | 77 (4.7) | 11 (5.4) | −0.03 |
| High school | 832 (45.0) | 82 (33.6) | 0.24* | 657 (39.7) | 74 (36.1) | 0.08 |
| Higher education | 473 (25.6) | 83 (34.0) | 0.18* | 509 (30.8) | 67 (32.5) | −0.04 |
| Others | 171 (9.3) | 39 (16.0) | 0.20* | 186 (11.3) | 22 (10.6) | 0.02 |
| Poverty, n (%) | ||||||
| Poor/negative | 335 (13.9) | 67 (21.8) | 0.20* | 252 (15.2) | 33 (16.2) | −0.03 |
| Near poor | 133 (5.5) | 17 (5.5) | 0.00 | 83 (5) | 12 (6) | −0.04 |
| Low income | 358 (14.9) | 47 (15.3) | 0.01 | 247 (15) | 34 (16.6) | −0.05 |
| Middle income | 716 (29.8) | 65 (21.1) | 0.20* | 421 (25.5) | 54 (26.1) | −0.01 |
| High income | 860 (35.8) | 112 (36.4) | 0.01 | 650 (39.3) | 72 (35.1) | 0.09 |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||
| Married | 1323 (55.1) | 131 (42.5) | 0.25* | 882 (53.4) | 107 (51.7) | 0.03 |
| Separated, Widowed or Divorced | 175 (7.3) | 48 (15.6) | 0.26* | 131 (7.9) | 17 (8.1) | −0.01 |
| Never married | 904 (37.6) | 129 (41.9) | 0.09 | 639 (38.7) | 83 (40.2) | −0.03 |
| Physical inactivity, n (%) | 891 (37.1) | 119 (38.6) | 0.03 | 600 (36.3) | 81 (39.4) | −0.06 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 356 (18.5) | 52 (21.9) | 0.09 | 325 (19.7) | 30 (14.8) | 0.13* |
| Limited access to health care, n (%) | 224 (12.9) | 36 (16.9) | 0.11* | 242 (14.6) | 26 (12.4) | 0.06 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Cancer | 14 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 0.01 | 9 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | −0.04 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 41 (1.7) | 5 (1.6) | 0.01 | 30 (1.8) | 5 (2.4) | −0.04 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 67 (2.8) | 13 (4.2) | 0.08 | 57 (3.5) | 12 (5.9) | −0.11* |
| Hypertension | 61 (2.5) | 7 (2.3) | 0.02 | 42 (2.6) | 7 (3.5) | −0.05 |
| Ischemic stroke | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.03 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Chronic heart disease | 18 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 0.06 | 9 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | −0.02 |
| Osteoarthritis | 29 (1.2) | 3 (1) | 0.02 | 19 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0.07 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.03 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Anxiety | 373 (15.5) | 27 (8.8) | 0.21* | 177 (10.7) | 15 (7.3) | 0.12* |
| Sleep disorder | 23 (1.0) | 6 (1.9) | 0.08 | 19 (1.1) | 2 (0.8) | 0.03 |
| Schizophrenia | 0 (0) | 3 (1.0) | 0.14* | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Bipolar disorder | 14 (0.6) | 14 (4.5) | 0.25* | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0.1) | 0.06 |
| Comedications, n (%) | ||||||
| Analgesics | 201 (8.4) | 27 (8.8) | 0.01 | 146 (8.9) | 20 (9.5) | −0.02 |
| Benzodiazepines | 56 (2.3) | 14 (4.5) | 0.12* | 43 (2.6) | 6 (3) | −0.02 |
| Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics | 62 (2.6) | 6 (1.9) | 0.04 | 40 (2.4) | 7 (3.3) | −0.05 |
| Antidepressants other than SSRI/SNRI | 46 (1.9) | 12 (3.9) | 0.12* | 33 (2) | 3 (1.4) | 0.04 |
| Antipsychotics | 13 (0.5) | 17 (5.5) | 0.29* | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | −0.06 |
| Antiparkinsonian agents | 15 (0.6) | 4 (1.3) | 0.07 | 13 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0.13* |
Abbreviation: SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRI: serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SD: standard deviation, ASMD: absolute standardized mean difference
*
ASMD > 0.1 means there’s a significant difference in the variable between the two groups