Table 3.
Geometric means of HCC (pg/mg) at four time periods (pre-pregnancy, first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester) across categories of maternal ba characteristics (N = 2,581).
| HCC Pre-pregnancy (N=1023) | HCC First Trimester (N=1734) | HCC Second Trimester (N=1534) | HCC Third Trimester (N=835) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N | Geometric Mean | SD | p | N | Geometric Mean | SD | p | N | Geometric Mean | SD | p | N | Geometric Mean | SD |
| Maternal Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| 18–19 | 52 | 2.82 | 1.91 | <.05 | 101 | 3.33 | 2.20 | <.01 | 75 | 3.84 | 2.35 | .04 | 27 | 4.66 | 2.08 |
| 20–29 | 548 | 2.75 | 2.12 | 945 | 2.98 | 2.01 | 826 | 3.21 | 1.97 | 437 | 4.41 | 1.91 | |||
| 30–34 | 235 | 2.66 | 2.22 | 369 | 3.28 | 2.08 | 335 | 3.50 | 2.00 | 203 | 4.48 | 1.94 | |||
| ≥35 | 188 | 3.22 | 2.03 | 318 | 3.43 | 2.00 | 297 | 3.51 | 2.19 | 168 | 4.33 | 2.03 | |||
| Education (years) | |||||||||||||||
| ≤6 | 18 | 3.69 | 2.18 | .07 | 31 | 3.84 | 1.98 | <.01 | 40 | 3.76 | 2.07 | <.01 | 27 | 4.59 | 2.08 |
| 7–12 | 424 | 2.93 | 2.02 | 753 | 3.46 | 1.95 | 767 | 3.58 | 2.03 | 445 | 4.52 | 1.97 | |||
| >12 | 573 | 2.70 | 2.18 | 938 | 2.88 | 2.09 | 722 | 3.11 | 2.04 | 362 | 4.28 | 1.90 | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| Mestizo | 829 | 2.80 | 2.12 | 0.65 | 1417 | 3.10 | 2.04 | .13 | 1319 | 3.29 | 2.04 | <.01 | 740 | 4.34 | 1.91 |
| Not Mestizo | 192 | 2.87 | 2.13 | 314 | 3.32 | 2.03 | 213 | 3.78 | 2.02 | 94 | 5.03 | 2.16 | |||
| Employment | |||||||||||||||
| Employed | 534 | 2.77 | 2.13 | .55 | 857 | 3.14 | 2.04 | .91 | 662 | 3.5 | 2.08 | .04 | 346 | 4.77 | 2.04 |
| Unemployed | 487 | 2.85 | 2.10 | 874 | 3.13 | 2.04 | 871 | 3.25 | 2.01 | 489 | 4.18 | 1.86 | |||
| Marital Status | |||||||||||||||
| Married | 849 | 2.84 | 2.16 | .20 | 1444 | 3.14 | 2.05 | .93 | 1277 | 3.33 | 2.05 | .36 | 691 | 4.40 | 1.96 |
| Not Married | 171 | 2.65 | 1.91 | 284 | 3.13 | 1.99 | 252 | 3.48 | 2.04 | 141 | 4.47 | 1.82 | |||
| Planned Pregnancy | |||||||||||||||
| Planned | 433 | 2.94 | 2.07 | .08 | 712 | 3.22 | 2.02 | .19 | 647 | 3.39 | 2.09 | .70 | 373 | 4.34 | 2.00 |
| Unplanned | 585 | 2.71 | 2.15 | 1016 | 3.08 | 2.05 | 879 | 3.34 | 2.01 | 455 | 4.47 | 1.90 | |||
| Difficulty accessing basic foods | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 446 | 2.92 | 2.12 | .13 | 735 | 3.30 | 2.08 | .01 | 542 | 3.56 | 2.06 | .02 | 259 | 4.96 | 1.67 |
| No | 573 | 2.72 | 2.12 | 989 | 3.03 | 2.01 | 986 | 3.25 | 2.03 | 5.76 | 4.19 | 1.92 | |||
| Difficulty paying for medical care | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 421 | 3.01 | 2.09 | <.01 | 774 | 3.26 | 2.04 | .03 | 953 | 3.30 | 2.01 | .30 | 610 | 4.31 | 1.93 |
| No | 589 | 2.66 | 2.13 | 939 | 3.03 | 2.04 | 568 | 3.44 | 2.10 | 220 | 4.70 | 1.99 | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 22 | 2.30 | 1.85 | .27 | 34 | 2.87 | 1.97 | .45 | 28 | 3.48 | 1.90 | .77 | 17 | 5.52 | 1.66 |
| No | 999 | 2.82 | 2.12 | 1601 | 3.15 | 2.04 | 1502 | 3.35 | 2.05 | 816 | 4.40 | 1.95 | |||
| Alcohol during pregnancy | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 77 | 3.11 | 2.31 | .27 | 127 | 3.34 | 2.19 | .35 | 130 | 3.60 | 2.25 | .30 | 78 | 4.59 | 1.83 |
| No | 941 | 2.78 | 2.10 | 1601 | 3.12 | 2.03 | 1402 | 3.33 | 2.02 | 756 | 4.39 | 1.96 | |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 10 | 2.5 | 1.7 | .03 | 20 | 2.64 | 1.64 | <.01 | 24 | 2.61 | 1.79 | <.01 | 14 | 3.67 | 1.52 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 492 | 2.70 | 2.13 | 833 | 2.98 | 2.00 | 736 | 3.11 | 2.02 | 401 | 4.02 | 1.91 | |||
| 25.0–29.9 | 384 | 2.78 | 2.09 | 650 | 3.13 | 2.09 | 545 | 3.58 | 2.06 | 122 | 5.23 | 1.91 | |||
| ≥30 | 131 | 3.35 | 2.12 | 219 | 3.91 | 2.03 | 207 | 3.96 | 2.06 | 122 | 5.23 | 1.91 | |||
| Parity categorical | |||||||||||||||
| 0 | 480 | 2.68 | 2.04 | <.01 | 753 | 3.17 | 2.03 | <.01 | 464 | 3.47 | 2.06 | .26 | 195 | 4.93 | 1.95 |
| 1 | 360 | 2.72 | 2.21 | 580 | 2.91 | 2.03 | 484 | 3.24 | 2.03 | 270 | 4.47 | 2.02 | |||
| 2 | 131 | 3.26 | 2.08 | 264 | 3.39 | 2.05 | 301 | 3.49 | 2.13 | 168 | 4.21 | 1.96 | |||
| ≥3 | 49 | 3.59 | 1.94 | 132 | 3.51 | 2.08 | 280 | 3.23 | 1.96 | 199 | 4.04 | 1.81 | |||
| Nulliparous | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 480 | 2.68 | 2.04 | .06 | 782 | 3.16 | 2.02 | .77 | 627 | 3.31 | 2.01 | .52 | 329 | 4.51 | 1.91 |
| No | 540 | 2.92 | 2.16 | 947 | 3.12 | 2.06 | 902 | 3.39 | 2.07 | 503 | 4.34 | 1.97 | |||
| Infant sex | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 442 | 2.98 | 2.11 | .02 | 726 | 3.30 | 2.12 | .01 | 638 | 3.48 | 2.08 | .06 | 355 | 4.43 | 2.03 |
| Male | 426 | 2.66 | 2.10 | 782 | 3.00 | 1.99 | 747 | 3.24 | 2.00 | 399 | 4.33 | 1.88 | |||
| Depression | |||||||||||||||
| PHQ-9 < 10 | 755 | 2.86 | 2.16 | .23 | 1290 | 3.19 | 2.07 | .07 | 1215 | 3.35 | 2.05 | .98 | 688 | 4.38 | 1.93 |
| PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | 263 | 2.69 | 1.99 | 437 | 2.98 | 1.94 | 316 | 3.35 | 2.2 | 146 | 4.56 | 2.04 | |||
| Anxiety | |||||||||||||||
| GAD-7 <7 | 681 | 2.84 | 2.10 | .48 | 1075 | 3.18 | 2.04 | .33 | 652 | 3.54 | 2.11 | .01 | 264 | 4.93 | 2.01 |
| GAD-7 ≥7 | 337 | 2.74 | 2.15 | 650 | 3.07 | 2.05 | 8.76 | 3.22 | 2.00 | 569 | 4.19 | 1.90 | |||
| PSS tertiles | |||||||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (low) | 339 | 2.92 | 2.08 | .84 | 554 | 3.24 | 1.98 | .27 | 498 | 3.46 | 2.12 | .27 | 288 | 4.51 | 2.02 |
| Tertile 2 (middle) | 342 | 2,88 | 2.25 | 547 | 3.17 | 2.10 | 493 | 3.23 | 2.01 | 292 | 4.35 | 1.91 | |||
| Tertile 3 (high) | 318 | 2.78 | 2.00 | 594 | 3.03 | 2.03 | 518 | 3.40 | 1.99 | 245 | 4.35 | 1.91 | |||
| Hair structure | |||||||||||||||
| Straight | 706 | 2.82 | 2.12 | .81 | 1197 | 3.16 | 2.06 | .58 | 1188 | 3.30 | 2.02 | .50 | 702 | 4.37 | 1.94 |
| Curly | 306 | 2.78 | 2.12 | 508 | 3.10 | 2.00 | 281 | 3.42 | 2.12 | 85 | 4.67 | 2.03 | |||
| Hair color | |||||||||||||||
| Black | 538 | 2.81 | 2.13 | .27 | 956 | 3.17 | 2.03 | .32 | 970 | 3.27 | 2.00 | .11 | 558 | 4.19 | 1.91 |
| Brown | 61 | 2.43 | 2.19 | 108 | 2.84 | 1.92 | 128 | 3.23 | 2.13 | 82 | 4.27 | 1.99 | |||
| Other | 412 | 2.87 | 2.10 | 642 | 3.15 | 2.08 | 379 | 3.56 | 2.13 | 153 | 5.51 | 2.03 | |||
| Tinting | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 448 | 2.69 | 2.05 | .10 | 744 | 3.25 | 1.98 | .07 | 619 | 3.55 | 2.09 | <.01 | 327 | 4.59 | 1.96 |
| No | 564 | 2.90 | 2.17 | 963 | 3.06 | 2.09 | 857 | 3.19 | 2.00 | 465 | 4.32 | 1.95 | |||
| Dyeing | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 127 | 2.98 | 2.07 | .32 | 190 | 3.67 | 1.98 | <.01 | 172 | 4.16 | 2.32 | <.01 | 110 | 5.37 | 2.04 |
| No | 885 | 2.78 | 2.13 | 190 | 3.67 | 1.98 | 1302 | 3.24 | 2.00 | 681 | 4.29 | 1.93 | |||
| Product used for hair washing | |||||||||||||||
| Shampoo only | 263 | 3.13 | 2.21 | .02 | 478 | 3.32 | 1.95 | .11 | 531 | 3.47 | 2.01 | .30 | 322 | 4.56 | 1.98 |
| Shampoo and Conditioner | 740 | 2.71 | 2.08 | 1219 | 3.07 | 2.07 | 938 | 3.27 | 2.06 | 464 | 4.34 | 1.94 | |||
| Other | 8 | 2.31 | 2.14 | 9 | 3.66 | 2.53 | 7 | 3.23 | 1.64 | 6 | 3.77 | 1.86 | |||
| Hair washing frequency (in weeks) | |||||||||||||||
| 1–2 times | 37 | 3.43 | 1.92 | .17 | 72 | 3.51 | 1.79 | .14 | 109 | 3.77 | 2.13 | .16 | 73 | 3.78 | 2.06 |
| 3–5 times | 753 | 2.75 | 2.12 | 1246 | 3.08 | 2.08 | 949 | 3.28 | 2.02 | 462 | 4.42 | 1.93 | |||
| 6–7 times | 221 | 2.89 | 2.13 | 388 | 3.27 | 1.96 | 418 | 3.36 | 2.06 | 257 | 4.63 | 1.96 | |||
| Frequency haircut | |||||||||||||||
| Every month | 45 | 2.83 | 2.09 | .01 | 86 | 3.23 | 1.96 | .01 | 89 | 3.16 | 2.00 | <.01 | 48 | 3.58 | 1.65 |
| Every 3 months | 272 | 2.55 | 2.25 | 461 | 2.86 | 2.22 | 384 | 3.04 | 2.08 | 195 | 4.07 | 1.90 | |||
| Every 6 months | 314 | 2.79 | 2.10 | 516 | 3.14 | 1.95 | 425 | 3.31 | 2.00 | 227 | 4.59 | 1.97 | |||
| Once a year | 295 | 2.86 | 2.01 | 484 | 3.30 | 1.97 | 446 | 3.63 | 2.02 | 264 | 4.60 | 2.02 | |||
| Other | 83 | 3.62 | 2.06 | 155 | 3.49 | 2.00 | 117 | 3.81 | 2.09 | 45 | 5.72 | 1.92 | |||
Mean (SD) corresponds to geometric mean values and standard deviation of geometric means of HCC in pg/mg. PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder. PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.