Table 1.

Effects of polyphenols

Authors	Year	Polyphenol	Type of study	Effects
Hong KB et al. [50]	2022	Tannase converted-green tea	In vitro	The levels of AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1)
Felice F et al. [51]	2020	Gallic acid	In vitro	↓Atrogin-1, MuRF1 two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases linked to muscle atrophy
Hour TC et al. [53]	2022	Quercetin	In vitro	↑p-IGF-1R; regulating the ITGB1 signaling pathway and activating phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin
Funakoshi T et al. [54]	2017	Quercetin	In vitro and in vitro	↑PPAR-g expression of FABP4
Park SH et al. [55]	2020	Quercetin	In vivo and in vitro	The gene expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and phosphorylation of AMPK
Suzuki K et al. [57]	2020	Theaflavins	In vivo	Anabolic Akt/mTOR pathway; phosphorylation of 4EBP-1
Liu C et al. [58]	2022	Theaflavins	In vivo and in vitro	Expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway
Aizawa T et al. [59]	2017	Theaflavins	Pilot study	Theaflavin had a beneficial effect on body fat and muscle
Fujiwara Y et al. [60]	2017	Oleuropein	RCT	↑Traslocation of GLUT4 by activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
Razaei S [61]	2018	Olive oil	RCT	↓Body fat mass, not reduced the skeletal mass
Santini SJ et al. [62]	2020	Oleuropein	In vivo and in vitro	↓Fat in HepG2 cells ↓IL1-α and G-CSF ↑SOD2 cytosol expression
Santini SJ et al. [63]	2022	Oleuropein	In vivo and in vitro	↓fat in HepG2 cells ↓copper content of FA-HepG2 Less body and liver weight; Improved the level of transaminases and lipid profile
Porcu C et al. [64]	2018	Oleuropein	In vivo and in vitro	↑Activation of Akt/ULK1 pathway