Table 2.

Estimates from multilevel modeling of change in personality in relation to cognitive impairment.

	Neuroticism			Extraversion			Openness			Agreeableness			Conscientiousness
	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p
Intercept	0.313	0.036	<.001	−0.514	0.037	<.001	−1.042	0.035	<.001	−1.035	0.035	<.001	−0.991	0.036	<.001
Age	−0.148	0.008	<.001	0.051	0.008	<.001	−0.023	0.008	0.005	0.038	0.008	<.001	−0.026	0.008	0.002
Age2	0.023	0.005	<.001	−0.050	0.005	<.001	−0.031	0.005	<.001	−0.031	0.005	<.001	−0.027	0.005	<.001
Gender (Women)	0.187	0.012	<.001	0.162	0.013	<.001	0.011	0.012	0.365	0.514	0.012	<.001	0.217	0.012	<.001
Education	−0.037	0.002	<.001	0.023	0.002	<.001	0.085	0.002	<.001	0.022	0.002	<.001	0.054	0.002	<.001
Black	−0.279	0.016	<.001	0.136	0.017	<.001	0.106	0.016	<.001	−0.004	0.016	0.796	−0.101	0.016	<.001
Other race	−0.069	0.025	0.005	0.009	0.025	0.714	0.030	0.024	0.219	−0.054	0.024	0.026	−0.040	0.025	0.104
Latinx	0.061	0.022	0.005	0.011	0.022	0.616	−0.014	0.021	0.513	−0.078	0.021	<.001	0.040	0.021	0.064
Time	−0.178	0.023	<.001	−0.144	0.022	<.001	−0.184	0.022	<.001	−0.111	0.023	<.001	0.016	0.023	0.478
Time2	0.054	0.022	0.014	0.065	0.021	0.002	0.139	0.021	<.001	0.048	0.022	0.032	0.024	0.022	0.281
Age*Time	0.055	0.013	<.001	−0.011	0.013	0.399	−0.037	0.013	0.004	−0.010	0.013	0.449	−0.068	0.014	<.001
Before-CI	0.044	0.024	0.074	−0.098	0.023	<.001	−0.058	0.023	0.011	−0.111	0.024	<.001	−0.118	0.024	<.001
During-CI	0.101	0.030	0.001	−0.143	0.029	<.001	−0.147	0.028	<.001	−0.353	0.031	<.001	−0.344	0.031	<.001

Note. CI= cognitive impairment. Age and time (including before and during cognitive impairment) are in decades. Fully unconditional models, with no predictors, were used to estimate within-person variance of the traits, which ranged from 30% for extraversion to 37% for agreeableness. Follow-up analyses found that within-person variance was generally larger in the subsample cognitively impaired at any point in the study (e.g., for neuroticism: 33% for the cognitively unimpaired and 47% in those cognitively impaired; for conscientiousness: 31% for the cognitively unimpaired and 57% in those cognitively impaired). Nominal p-value reported and considered significant if p < .01. Results also hold if accounting for multiple testing using Benjamini and Hochberg’s false discovery rate method.