TABLE 3.
The effects of small molecule medications on spermatogenesis.
| Medicine categories | Effects | Mechanisms | Relevant references | Species | Drug dosages | Durations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACEI | captopril | affect various germ cell during spermatogenesis | the proliferation rate of spermatogonial stem cells↓ | Gao et al. (2018) | Mice | 0.001 M/0.01 M | ∼4 days |
| AEDs | topiramate | spermatogonia and spermatocytes↓histological damage to the testes | Otoom et al. (2004) | Rat | 100 mg/kg | 60 days | |
| downregulate the VEGFA gene and the SYCP3 gene | El et al. (2019) | Mice | 100/200/400 mg/kg | 4 weeks | |||
| cannabidiol | impair spermatogenesis, affect the mitosis and meiosis of germ cells | Patra and WAdsworth (1991) | Mice | 50 mg/kg | 15/35 days | ||
| inhibit the G1/S phase cell cycle transition and DNA synthesis | Li et al. (2022) | Mice/human | ∼100 μM | 4/24 h | |||
| NRTIs | abacavir | cause damage to male fertility by damaging DNA | increase DNA damage | Matuszewska et al. (2021) | Rat | 60 mg/kg | 16 weeks |
| NNRTIs | etravirine | Matuszewska et al. (2021) | Rat | 40 mg/kg | 16 weeks | ||
| LLD | rosuvastatin | Leite et al. (2017) | Rat | 3/10 mg/kg/day | 30 days | ||
| NSAIDs | paracetamol | Smarr et al. (2017) | Human | not mentioned | not mentioned | ||
| SSRIs | paroxetine | abnormal DNA fragmentation in sperm | Tanrikut et al. (2010) | Human | not mentioned | 5 weeks | |
| sertraline | increase DNA damage | Akasheh et al. (2014) | Human | 25/50 mg/days | 1 weeks/3 months | ||
| Atli et al. (2017) | Rat | 5/10/20 mg/kg | 28 days | ||||
| Hamdi (2019) | Rat | 15.63 mg/kg | 28 days | ||||
| escitalopram | Ilgin et al. (2017) | Rat | 5/10/20 mg/kg | 28 days | |||
| ACEI | enalapril | reduce sperm DNA damage caused by the disease | Kushwaha and Jena (2012) | Rat | 10 mg/kg | 4/8 weeks | |
| AEDs | carbamazepine | affect sperm quality by regulating gene expression | the expression of KCNJ11 in the testes↓microRNA let-7a, CFTR, and microRNA 27a↑ | Tektemur et al. (2021) | Rat | 25 mg/kg/day | 60 days |
| valproic acid | negative effects of acrosome formation during spermatogenesis (expression of phosphorylated proteins and Ki67↓) premature acrosome reactions and abnormal sperm heads | Alsemeh et al. (2022) | Rat | 100/300/500 mg/kg/day | 8 days | ||
| Nishimura et al. (2000) | Rat | 250/500/1000 mg/kg/day | 4/7/10 weeks | ||||
| RØste et al. (2001) | Rat | 200/400 mg/kg bid | 90 days | ||||
| Sukhorum and Iamsaard (2017) | Rat | 500 mg/kg | 10 days | ||||
| oxcarbazepine | positive effect on sperm production and maturation by raising FSH and LH levels | Guo et al. (2021) | Human | 706 ± 182 mg/day | ≥6 months | ||
| Wu et al. (2018) | Human | 300–900 mg/day | ≥6 months | ||||
| β-receptor antagonists | affect testosterone levels | reduce sperm motility increase sperm abnormality rate lower testosterone levels | El-Sayed et al. (1998) | Rat | atenolol:9/18 mg/kg | 60 days | |
| El-Sayed et al. (1998) | Rat | metoprolol:3.5/7 mg/kg | 60 days | ||||
| El-Sayed et al. (1998) | Rat | propranolol:7.5/15 mg/kg | 60 days | ||||
| Fogari et al. (2002) | Human | valsartan:80 mg/day | 16 weeks | ||||
| Fogari et al. (2002) | Human | atenolol:50 mg/day | 16 weeks | ||||
| Rosen et al. (1988) | Human | propranolol:80 mg bid | 1 week | ||||
| Rosen et al. (1988) | Human | metoprolol:100 mg bid | 1 week | ||||
| Rosen et al. (1988) | Human | atenolol:100 mg/day | 1 week | ||||
| Rosen et al. (1988) | Human | pindolol:10 mg bid | 1 week | ||||
| Suzuki et al. (1988) | Human | atenolol:50–100 mg | 1 years | ||||
Abbreviation: ACEI, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; AEDs, Antiepileptic drugs; NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; LLD:lipid-lowering drugs; NSAIDs, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; bid:twice a day; ↓: decline; ↑: improve.