TABLE 4.
The effects of small molecule medications on sperm capacitation and fertilization.
| Medicine categories | Effects and mechanisms | Relevant references | Species | Drug dosages | Durations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-blocker | propranolol | inhibit sperm capacitation、acrosome reaction and fertilization | White et al. (1995) | Human | 5/50/500 μM | 0–240 min |
| NSAIDs | ibuprofen | weak sperm fertilization ability in vitro | Barbosa et al. (2020) | Rat | 0/2.4/7.2/14.3 mg/kg/day | 30 days |
| Martini et al. (2008) | Mice | 5.6/11.2/16.8 mg/kg/day | 35/60 days | |||
| SSRIs | sertraline | negatively affects fertilization by inhibiting specific calcium ion channels | Rahban et al. (2021) | Human | 10/20 μM | ∼60 min |
| CCB | nimodipine | decrease in sperm density and motility | Saha & Bhargava et al., 2000 | Rat | 40 mg/60 mg/kg/day | 2/6 weeks |
| verapamil | inhibits the acrosome reaction | Juneja et al. (1990) | Pigs | 1/5/10 mg/kg | 4/12 weeks | |
| ACEI | lisinopril | reduce zona pellucida penetration and acrosome reaction | Saha & Garg et al., 2000 | Rat | 10/20 mg/kg/day | 2/6 weeks |
| captopril | inhibit the acrosome reaction | Foresta et al. (1991) | Human | 10/50/100 nmol/L | 0–18 h | |
| NSAIDs | indomethacin | improve sperm production in patients with oligoasthenozoospermia increase sperm motility and sperm count enhance fertilization ability | Aydin et al. (1995) | Human | 75 mg/day | 12 weeks |
| Barkay et al. (1984) | Human | 25 mg bid/tid/qid; 50 mg tid | 60 days | |||
| Conte et al. (1985) | Human | 100 mg | 30 days | |||
| Guo et al. (2015) | Human | 25 mg bid | 3 months | |||
| diuretic | amiloride | increase the acrosome reaction decrease sodium-induced sperm motility | Peris et al. (2000) | Ram | 10–7∼10−4M | 30 min |
| Rai and Nirmal (2003) | Lizard | 1–100 μM | 1 h | |||
| Wong et al. (1981) | Rat | 10–5∼3*10−3M | 3 h | |||
Abbreviation: NSAIDs, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ACEI, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; bid, twice a day; tid, three times a day; qid, four times a day.