Table 2.

Interventions included in each of the systematic reviews

Study	Group	Exercise modality	Intervention characteristics			Intervention duration	Frequency	Session duration
			RT Protocol (distribution and exercise type)	RT Work interval (duration and intensity)	RT Rest interval (duration and intensity)
Andrade et al. [24]	Exercise	2 RT + AE, 3 RT + AE + Flexibility	- Prior to dialysis or during dialysis - 2–10 min WU - From 2 sets × 8 repetitions to 3 sets × 15 repetitions - Exercises with thera-bands and weights - Isotonic and isometric exercises for abdomen and lower limbs	- Not reported - Intensity Borg scale (RPE) 13 or 60–70% of the HRMAX	Not reported	3–12 months	Three times per week	30–90 min or not reported
	Control	RDP
Bernier-Jean et al. [25]	Exercise	21 RT, 19 RT + AE	-Prior to dialysis or during dialysis - 2–10 min WU - From 1 to 4 sets × 8 to 30 repetitions - Solely lower body exercises or both upper and lower limb exercises - Closed and open chain strengthening exercises - Weights, resistance bands, both, Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley or leg press machine	- Concentric phase as fast as possible - Concentric phase 1.5 s, isometric phase 0.5 s and eccentric phase 3 s - 5 s isometric contraction - Intensity Borg scale (RPE), Omni scale, % of 1, 3 or 5RM, 60–70% of the HRMAX - Not reported	- 1–2-min rest between sets - 1 min between sets, 3 min between exercises - 3-min rest between exercise periods - According to the necessity of the patient - Not reported	8 weeks to 2 years	2–5 times per week	30–110 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise or placebo exercise
Bogataj et al. [26]	Exercise	9 RT, 12 RT + AE	- Prior to dialysis or during dialysis - 2–10 min WU - From 2 to 3 sets × 8 to 10 repetitions - Free-weight dumbbells and weighted ankle cuffs - Equipment designed to fit the end of the dialysis chair - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley - Calisthenics, steps and low weight exercises	- 4:1 work/rest intervals or not reported - Intensity Borg scale (RPE), % of the 1-5RM, 50–60% of VO2max, 60–70% of HRmax or subjective assessment	- 1–2 min between sets and exercise - Not reported	8–40 weeks	2–4 times per week	13–90 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care, stretching, walking program at home or ROM exercises
Cheema et al. [27]	Exercise	7 RT	- Prior to dialysis or during dialysis - From 2 to 3 sets × 8 to 15 repetitions - Both upper and lower limb exercises - Exercise with weights, elastic bands or sandbags - Exercise using weighted dumbbells, ankle cuffs and elastic tubing - Standard machine weights -Pneumatic resistance equipment - Exercises based con the DPGE	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase or not reported - Intensity 40–80% of 1-3RM or 15–17 Borg’s scale	1–2 min between sets or not reported	From 8 to 24 weeks	From 2 to 3 times per week	20–45 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care or stretching exercises
Chung et al. [28]	Exercise	4 RT, 1 RT + AE	- During dialysis or immediately before - From 2 to 3 sets × 8 repetitions - Both upper and lower limbs - Exercise with ankle weights, Thera-band tubing or free-weight dumbbells - EMS	- 20 s stimulation/ 20 s rest - Not reported - Intensity 60% of 3RM or 15–17 Borg’s scale	- 1–2 min between sets and exercises - Not reported	From 8 to 20 weeks	From 2 to 3 times per week	10–60 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise
Clarkson et al. [29]	Exercise	9 RT, 3 RT + AE, 3 EMS	- From 1 to 3 sets × 8 to 15 repetitions - Free-weight exercises with dumbbells for the upper body and ankle weights for the lower body - Sets of 10 to 12 exercises, combining upper body, lower body and core training	- From 2 to 20 s EMS stimulation - Not reported - Intensity % of 1–3 RM or 9–17 Borg’s scale	- 10–50 s rest between EMS stimulation - Not reported	From 8 to 22 weeks	From 2 to 3 times per week	15–60 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care, non-exercising or undergoing only range of motion passive exercises
Ferrari et al. [30]	Exercise	14 RT, 7 RT + AE	- During dialysis or on non-dialysis days - 5-to-10-min WU - From 2 to 3 sets × 8 to 20 repetitions - Isometric and isotonic exercises for the abdomen and lower limbs - Participants asked to perform as many repetitions as possible - Exercises in both lower limbs and the non-dialyzed upper limb - Exercise with ankle weights, dumbbells and elastic bands - Leg press equipment	- 3–5 s isometric contraction - Co-isometric contraction held for 10 s - 2 s concentric and 2 s eccentric for each repetition - Not reported - Intensity 40–80% of the 1-3RM, according to participant’s subjective tolerance or 15–17 Borg’s scale	- 1-to-2-min rest between sets - 1 min rest between sets and 3-min rest between exercises - 1 min rest between sets and exercises - Rest according to the necessity of the participants - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 1 year	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 10 min to 2 h
	Control	Usual care or sham exercises
Ferreira et al. [31]	Exercise	4 RT + AE	- During dialysis or non-dialysis days - From 2 to 3 sets × 10 to 15 repetitions - 7 exercises involving lower and upper limbs - Dynamic closed and open-chained exercises - Exercise with Thera-band resistive bands and soft weights	- Not reported - Intensity 50% of 1RM or 13–15 Borg’s scale	- Not reported	From 4 weeks to 1 year or not reported	3–4 times per week	From 15 to 90 min
	Control	Control: Routine care or education exercise
Gomes Neto et al. [32]	Exercise	16 RT, 10 RT + AE	- Before, after or during dialysis - From 2 to 5-min WU - From 4 to 10 types of exercises - From 2 to 4 sets × 8 to 30 repetitions - Concentric and eccentric contractions - Isotonic and isometric exercises for lower limbs and abdomen - Exercises with free-weight dumbbells, thick colored elastic bands, ankle cuffs, sandbags and leg press equipment - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - 5 s isometric contraction - Co-isometric contraction held for 10 s - Not reported - Intensity 60–80% of 1-3RM, 11–17 Borg’s scale, according to participant’s tolerance or not reported	-1-to-2-min rest between sets and exercises - 3-min rest between exercises - 60 s rest between sets - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 1 year	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 20 to 90 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise
Heiwe et al. [33]	Exercise	13 RT, 5 RT + AE	- During dialysis or on non-dialysis days - 2–10 min WU - From 1 to 3 sets × 8 to 15 repetitions - Exercise with resistance training equipment - Only lower body exercises using ankle weights - Isometric and isotonic exercises for the lower body and abdomen - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley - Pneumatic leg press machine	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - 2 s concentric and 2 s eccentric - Not reported - Intensity 60–80% of 1-5RM, individual basis to 60–70% of HRMax, 40–60% of VO2PEAK or 12–17 Borg’s scale	- 1-to-2-min rest between sets and exercises - 1 min between sets - Not reported	From 12 weeks to 1 year	From 2 to 5 times per week	From 30 to 110 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise or sham exercise
Hu et al. [34]	Exercise	11 RT, 10 RT + AE	- During dialysis - From 3 to 5-min WU - From 1 to 3 sets × 8 to 20 repetitions - As many repetitions as possible - Repetitions until momentary failure occurred - From 4 to 11 types of exercises using elastic bands and soft weights - 10 sets of 10 repetitions lower limb raising - Exercises in both lower limbs and the contralateral arteriovenous fistula upper limb	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - Not reported - Intensity 60% of 1-3RM, 10–17 Borg’s scale or according to participant’s tolerance	- 1–2-min rest between each set - 2-to-3-min rest between each exercise - Rest according to the necessity of the participants - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 10 months	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 20 to 60 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care, sham exercise or no exercise
Huang et al. [35]	Exercise	4 RT, 7 RT + AE	- Prior, after or during dialysis - 2-to-5-min WU - From 1 to 3 sets × 8 to 15 repetitions - 10 types of exercise with free-weight dumbbells, weighted ankle cuffs and elastic band tubing - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- Not reported - Intensity 50–60% of the 1-3RM, 12–17 Borg’s scale or according to participant’s tolerance	- 60 s between sets - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 1 year	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 10 to 90 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care or sham exercise
Lu et al. [36]	Exercise	10 RT, 4 RT + AE	- During dialysis - 5-to-10-min WU - From 1 to 2 sets × 8 to 20 repetitions - From 10 to 11 types of exercise - Exercises with grip ring, free weight dumbbells, ankle cuffs or leg press equipment - Training with chair stand exercise - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- 10 s isometric contractions - 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - 5 to 10 s held isometric contractions - Standing up in 3 s and sitting down in 3 s - Intensity 50–80% of 1-5RM, 60% of individual’s maximal capacity, 12–17 Borg’s scale or not reported	- 1 to 2 min between sets and exercises - 2-min rest between sets - According to the necessity of the participants - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 5 months	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 15 to 60 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care, no exercise, sham exercise, attention care or placebo
Matsuzawa et al. [37]	Exercise	13 RT, 6 RT + AE	- Prior, after or during dialysis - 5-min WU - From 1 to 3 sets × 10 to 15 repetitions - Exercises with a pneumatic leg press machine - Exercises for upper and lower body using elastic bands, sandbags and dumbbells - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - Not reported - Intensity 50–80% of 1-5RM, 60% of individual’s maximal capacity, 12–17 Borg’s scale or not reported	- 1 to 2 min between sets - 1 min between sets - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 12 months	From 2 to 3 times per week or not reported	From 20 to 90 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care or no exercise
Molsted et al. [38]	Exercise	8 RT	- Prior, after or during dialysis - 5-min WU - From 1 to 3 sets × 10 to 15 repetitions - Exercises with a pneumatic leg press machine - Exercises for upper and lower body using elastic bands, sandbags and dumbbells - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - Not reported - Intensity 50–80% of 1-5RM or 15–17 Borg’s scale	- 1–2 min between sets - 1 min between sets - 2-min rest period between sets - Not reported	From 12 weeks to 6 months	3 times per week or not reported	30 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care or stretching
Pu et al. [39]	Exercise	4 RT, 7 RT + AE	- Prior, after or during dialysis - 5-min WU - Isotonic and isometric exercises for the lower limb - Exercises for upper and lower body using elastic bands, sandbags and dumbbells	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase Intensity 50 to 80% of 1–5 RM or 15–17 Borg’s scale - Not reported	- 1–2 min between sets - 1 min between sets	From 8 weeks to 12 months	From 2 to 3 times per week or not reported	From 10 to 90 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise
Scapini et al. [40]	Exercise	5 RT, 10 RT + AE	- Prior to, after, during dialysis or on non-dialysis days - 5-to-10-min WU - From 2 to 3 sets × 8 to 15 repetitions - Isotonic and isometric exercises for the lower limb and abdomen - 4 lower limb exercises with ankle cuffs and elastic bands -5 upper limb exercises using dumbbells and 5 lower limb exercises using ankle weights - Close and open-chained exercises - Apparatus for leg extension and flexion - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- Intensity 50–80% of the 1-5RM, 60–70% HRMax or 12–17 Borg’s scale	- 1 min rest between sets - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 1 year	From 2 to 4 times per week	From 20 to 90 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise or placebo
Schardong et al. [41]	Exercise	8 EMS	- During dialysis - 5-min WU - Exercise with dual-channeled portable stimulators, a calibrated electrical stimulator or a neoprene garment	- From 1.5 to 20 s stimulation - Intensity according to patient’s tolerance or maximum painless level of stimulation	- From 0.75 to 20 s rest between stimulations - Rest time decreasing as the protocol advances (from 50 to 10 s) - Not reported	From 8 to 20 weeks	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 20 to 60 min or not reported
	Control	Control, placebo or exercise with no EMS
Segura-Orti [42]	Exercise	2 RT, 4 RT + AE	- Before, after, during dialysis or on non-dialysis days - 2-to-10-min WU - From 1 to 3 series × 8 to 10 repetitions - 10 exercises for lower and upper body - 14 types of low resistance - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- Not reported - Intensity 50–60% of the 3-5RM or Borg’s scale 15–17	- Not reported	From 12 to 24 weeks	From 2 to 4 times per week	From 30 to 90 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise or placebo
Sheng et al. [43]	Exercise	7 RT, 4 RT + AE	- Prior, after or during dialysis - From 2 to 5-min WU - From 2 to 3 series × 8 to 15 repetitions - Lower body exercises using ankle weights - Upper and lower body exercises using elastic bands and sandbags - 10 types of exercises - isotonic quadriceps and hamstring exercises - Isotonic and isometric exercises for the lower limbs and abdomen - Response Seated Leg Curl Thigh Extension pulley	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - Intensity 40–60% of the 1-5RM, 65–85% of VO2max or 11–17 Borg’s scale	- 60 s rest between sets - 1 to 2 min between sets - Not reported	From 8 weeks to 10 months	From 2 to 3 times per week	From 10 to 60 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise
Wu et al. [44]	Exercise	12 RT + AE	- During dialysis or on non-dialysis days - 10-min WU - From 1 to 3 set × 8 to 30 repetitions - Exercises for a variety of upper and lower body muscle groups - Exercises with a handgrip strengthening device and mid-level load exercises - Exercises in fixed resistance machines	- Not reported - Intensity 70–80% of the 1RM, 12–14 Borg’s scale, 50–80% of heart rate reserve or not reported	- Not reported	From 12 weeks 1 year	- From 2 to 3 times per week - 6 times per month	From 60 to 120 min or not reported
	Control	Usual care and no exercise
Zhang et al. [45]	Exercise	14 RT	- Prior to or during dialysis - 5-to-10-min WU - From 3 to 4 sets × 8–30 repetitions - Leg press exercises - 6 upper body and 6 lower body exercises with elastic bands and sandbags - 11 different types of exercises	- 1.5 s concentric phase, 0.5 s isometric and 3 s eccentric phase - Not reported - Intensity 70–80% of the 1-5RM, 12–17 Borg’s scale	-2-min rest period between sets - 1-to-2-min rest between sets - 1 min rest between sets - 3-min rest between exercises - Rest according to the necessity of the patient - Not reported	From 12 to 24 weeks	- From 2 to 3 times per week	From 30 to 50 min or not reported
	Control	No exercise or stretching

AE aerobic exercise; DPGE dialysis patient’s guide exercise; EMS electrical myostimulation; HRMAX maximum heart rate; MIP maximum inspiratory pressure; RDT regular dialysis treatment; RM repetition maximum; ROM range of motion; RPE rate perceived exertion; RT resistance training; WU warm-up