Table 2.
Stepwise forward Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the association between PhenoAgeAccel* and hospital mortality while adjusting for important confounders
| Predictor(s) in the model | Hazard ratio** (95%CI) |
p value |
|---|---|---|
| PhenoAgeAccel* |
1.997 (1.568–2.542) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age |
1.982 (1.557–2.524) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery |
1.672 (1.310–2.133) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease |
1.676 (1.313–2.138) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease |
1.650 (1.292–2.108) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis |
1.623 (1.270–2.074) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure |
1.676 (1.308–2.147) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease |
1.678 (1.310–2.150) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease + immunosuppressed |
1.668 (1.302–2.137) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease + immunosuppressed + AIDS |
1.671 (1.304–2.141) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease + immunosuppressed + AIDS + lymphoma |
1.673 (1.306–2.144) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease + immunosuppressed + AIDS + lymphoma + metastatic cancer |
1.673 (1.306–2.144) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease + immunosuppressed + AIDS + lymphoma + metastatic cancer + leukemia |
1.672 (1.304–2.142) |
0.001 |
| PhenoAgeAccel + chronological age + elective surgery + chronic respiratory disease + chronic cardiovascular disease + cirrhosis + end-stage renal failure + immune disease + immunosuppressed + AIDS + lymphoma + metastatic cancer + leukemia + diabetes mellitus |
1.720 (1.340–2.207) |
0.001 |
| Final full model # | ||
| PhenoAgeAccel | 1.386 (1.077–1.784) | 0.011 |
| Chronological age | 1.006 (0.998–1.013) | 0.152 |
| Elective surgery | 0.421 (0.271–0.653) | 0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 1.401 (0.902–2.176) | 0.133 |
| Chronic cardiovascular disease | 1.163 (0.810–1.670) | 0.414 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.474 (0.851–2.553) | 0.166 |
| End-stage renal failure | 0.574 (0.332–0.992) | 0.048 |
| Immune disease | 0.639 (0.308–1.327) | 0.230 |
| Immunosuppressed | 1.053 (0.724–1.533) | 0.786 |
| AIDS | 2.014 (0.475–8.544) | 0.342 |
| Lymphoma | 1.192 (0.650–2.184) | 0.571 |
| Metastatic cancer | 0.686 (0.362–1.671) | 0.247 |
| Leukemia | 0.797 (0.380–1.671) | 0.548 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.592 (1.016–2.494) | 0.040 |
| APACHE II score > 15 | 3.881 (2.703–5.574) | 0.001 |
*PhenoAgeAccel is a dichotomized estimate to reflect whether the biological age of the patient is older than the chronological age while accounting for the PhenoAge of the whole cohort by regressing PhenoAge on chronological age; a positive residual means a patient’s phenotypical or biological age is older than their chronological age compared to other patients included in this study. CI, confidence interval. All comorbidities except diabetes mellitus are defined according to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II model. #The Harrell’s C index of the final full model was 0.746 (95%CI 0.719–0.773). **Hazard ratio was referring to mortality risk of the PhenoAgeAccel during the stepwise Cox regression, and each predictor in the final full model