Table 4.

Exam scores, absences (mean, SD), and reading participation (reported as % of children) for children living with both biological parents, children living with one parent, and children living with neither parent (children with known exam scores and absences: n = 176; children with known reading participation: n = 91). And caregiver- and household-level education (Primary or Lower = up to 6 years of education; Lower Secondary = 7–10 years of education; Upper Secondary or Higher = 11 years of education or more) for children living with both biological parents, children living with one parent, and children living with neither parent (whole sample, reported as % of children)

		Parents Present
	Full Sample	Both	One	None
Exams: Mean (SD)	72.76 (18.59)	74.28 (17.40)	71.91 (19.32)	67.91 (21.70)
Truancy: Mean (SD)	5.55 (6.26)	5.58 (6.27)	5.14 (6.39)	5.74 (6.28)
	% of Children
Readings
Never	13.2	10.2	8.3	25.0
Rarely	7.7	5.1	8.3	15.0
Sometimes	16.5	20.3	25.0	0.0
Often	33.0	25.4	33.3	55.0
Always	29.7	39.0	25.0	5.0
Household Education
Primary or Lower	17.0	16.3	15.9	20.8
Lower Secondary	37.9	37.9	38.6	37.5
Upper Secondary or Higher	45.0	45.8	45.5	41.7
Caregiver Education
Primary or Lower	40.8	36.3	47.7	52.1
Lower Secondary	41.5	42.1	36.4	43.8
Upper Secondary or Higher	17.7	21.6	15.9	4.2