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. 2023 Aug 29;34(3):422–455. doi: 10.1007/s12110-023-09456-0

Table 5.

Relation between home reading, truancy, and exam performance (Spearman correlations, children with known exam scores and absences: n = 176; children with known reading participation: n = 91). And comparison of caregiver- and household-level education for children living with both biological parents, children living with one parent, and children living with neither parent (χ2, whole sample)

Predictor Outcome r χ2 V df p
Truancy Exams  − .14 .07
Readings Exams .49  < .001
Truancy Readings  − .36  < .001
Parental Absence Household Education 0.65 .03 4 .96
Parental Absence Caregiver Education 9.96 .13 4 .04