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. 2023 Sep 27;16:2677–2686. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S427956

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© 2023 Makino et al.

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Mean percent change from baseline of overall hyperpigmentation (A) and skin tone evenness (B), and mean scores of the image analysis of dark spot brightness (L*) (C) in the overall group (PIH and solar lentigines combined). Skin tone evenness was graded on a scale from 0 to 9, where 0 indicated even, healthy skin and 9 indicated uneven, discolored appearance. A decrease in skin tone evenness score indicated an improvement. The results for skin tone evenness were inverted for clarity when interpreting the figure. Mean L* scores from images of the target dark spot. Increased L* indicates brighter skin. Overall group: n = 40 at Weeks 2 and 4; n = 41 at Weeks 8 and 12. *p ≤ 0.018 vs baseline (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). ^†p ≤ 0.01 vs baseline (paired t-test).