| Nanoparticle comparisons |
| Ag and Au NPs |
In vitro
|
MV photons |
• Ag NPs showed higher radiosensitizing ability compared to Au NPs, combined with increased apoptosis and authophagy levels |
179
|
|
In vivo
|
|
|
|
| Pt and Gd-based (AGuIX) NPs |
Plasmid DNA |
MeV protons |
• Pronounced nanosize damage (>2 nm) at the end of proton track (Bragg peak) |
40, 163, 185 and 186
|
|
|
• Gd-based NPs less capable of producing complex lesions than Pt NPs |
|
|
• DMSO (radical scavenger) reduced plasmid damage, hydroxyl radicals identified as important mediators for both NPs |
|
| HfO2 NPs, Hf6- & Hf12-DBA MOFs |
APF acellular assay |
kV Photons |
• MOFs generated more ˙OH radicals compared to HfO2 at same Hf molar concentration |
101
|
|
In vitro
|
Co60 photons |
• Better local radiotherapy outcomes for MOFs than HfO2
|
|
In vivo
|
|
• MOFs in combination with PD-L1 checkpoint blockade induced systemic antitumor immunity |
|
| Au NPs, SPIONS, PtNDs (Pt nano dendrites), BiNRs (Bi2O3 nano rods) |
In vitro
|
MeV protons |
• Proton beam irradiation with nanoparticles enhance ROS creation |
53
|
|
|
• ROS generation and in vitro radioenhancement biggest for BiNRs > PtNDs > Au NPs > SPIONS |
|
| Comparison of 22 metal oxides |
Plasmid DNA |
MV photons |
• Surface chemistry of NP important criterion for success |
96
|
| Aequous ROS (˙OH, ˙O2−, 1O2) probes |
|
• Only TiO2 and V2O5 showed ROS and DNA damage enhancement and were identified as good radiosensitizers, with V2O5 having a too high toxicity profile |
|
| PAA-TiOx NPs and Au NPs |
Aequous ROS probe |
kV Photons |
• H2O2 identified as important mediator of the more effective and generally safe PAA-TiOx NP radioenhancer (Au NPs were tested at significantly lower mass concentrations) |
239
|
|
In vitro
|
|
|
|
In vivo
|
|
|
|
| SiO2, TiO2, TiN, ZrO2, WO3, HfO2, Au |
Aequous ROS (H2DCF-DA) probe |
kV Photons |
• Dose enhancement efficiency for kV photons follows physical high-Z rationale |
55
|
|
In vitro
|
MV photons |
• Surface catalytic properties/ROS enhancement important for MV photons and protons |
|
MeV protons |
• TiO2, WO3 performed best in ROS production under all radiation sources |
|
|
• Dissolution of WO3 led to limited radioenhancment |
|
| Au and SPION-DX (Dextran coated iron oxide) NPs |
In vitro
|
MV photons |
• Enhancement effects were cell-line differential |
240
|
|
|
• At similar metal-mass uptake Au NPs showed higher enhancement than SPION-DX |
|
| MOFs: Hf-DBA, Hf-TCPP, Ti/Zr-PCN-415, Ti-MIL-125 |
In vitro
|
kV Photons |
• Greatest in vitro radio-enhancement effects were found for Ti-MIL-125, followed by Ti/Zr-PCN-415 nanoMOFs |
241
|
| Oxide NPs: HfO2, ZrO2, TiO2
|
|
|
• nanoMOFs outperformed corresponding equi-molar metal oxide nanoparticles in in vitro X-ray radio-enhancement |
