Figure 3.

Effect of Empagliflozin on the Differentiation/Maturation of Human Epicardial Preadipocytes

(A) Incubation with empagliflozin (10 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L) attenuated the Oil Red O–stained area. (B) Oil Red O dye measured using spectrophotometer with an absorbance of 520 nm was significantly decreased by incubation with empagliflozin (10 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L). (C) Representative images show that the size of lipid droplets incubated with 100 μmol/L empagliflozin were apparently smaller than in the control. (D) The number of lipid droplets incubated with 100 μmol/L empagliflozin was not significantly decreased, whereas (E) the size of lipid droplets was significantly smaller than in the control. (F) Gene expression levels of PPARγ were not significantly suppressed by empagliflozin incubation. (G)CEBPA gene expression was not significantly suppressed by empagliflozin incubation. (H)FABP4 gene expression was significantly reduced by empagliflozin incubation. Data are presented as mean ± SD and compared using the Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or analysis of variance. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001. M = mol/L; OD = optical density.