Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by treatment initiation status
| Variable | N | Overall (N = 463) |
Treatment initiation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 24 h (N = 41) |
24–< 48 h (N = 193) |
48–< 72 h (N = 229) |
P-value | |||
| Treatment, n (%) | 463 | 0.787 | ||||
| Empagliflozin | 231 (50) | 22 (54) | 98 (51) | 111 (48) | ||
| Placebo | 232 (50) | 19 (46) | 95 (49) | 118 (52) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | 463 | 0.891 | ||||
| Female | 81 (17) | 7 (17) | 32 (17) | 42 (18) | ||
| Male | 382 (83) | 34 (83) | 161 (83) | 187 (82) | ||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 463 | 57 (52, 64) | 57 (54, 63) | 58 (52, 65) | 57 (51, 64) | 0.363 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 463 | 28 (25, 30) | 28 (26, 31) | 28 (25, 30) | 27 (25, 30) | 0.280 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 463 | 62 (13) | 8 (20) | 26 (13) | 28 (12) | 0.451 |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 463 | 125 (117, 131) | 126 (121, 135) | 125 (115, 130) | 125 (118, 131) | 0.098 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 463 | 78 (74, 85) | 78 (75, 82) | 77 (74, 82) | 78 (74, 86) | 0.344 |
| Smoking (active or former), n (%) | 463 | 334 (72) | 31 (76) | 146 (76) | 157 (69) | 0.385 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 463 | 129 (28) | 4 (10) | 46 (24) | 79 (34) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 463 | 193 (42) | 13 (32) | 74 (38) | 106 (46) | 0.102 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 463 | 52 (11) | 4 (10) | 13 (7) | 35 (15) | 0.018 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 463 | 6 (1) | 0 (0) | 4 (2) | 2 (1) | 0.555 |
| History of CABG, n (%) | 463 | 2 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0.169 |
| Coronary angiography vessel status, n (%) | 463 | 0.588 | ||||
| 1-vessel disease | 219 (47%) | 15 (37%) | 92 (48%) | 112 (49%) | ||
| 2-vessel disease | 161 (35%) | 16 (39%) | 65 (34%) | 80 (35%) | ||
| 3-vessel disease | 83 (18%) | 10 (24%) | 36 (19%) | 37 (16%) | ||
| History of carcinoma, n (%) | 463 | 23 (5) | 4 (10) | 7 (4) | 12 (5) | 0.206 |
| Depression, n (%) | 463 | 24 (5%) | 2 (5%) | 7 (4%) | 15 (7%) | 0.436 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml), median (IQR) | 444 | 1345 (754, 2222) | 1301 (812, 1971) | 1433 (824, 2416) | 1198 (696, 2123) | 0.097 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 462 | 92 (78, 101) | 94 (79, 101) | 93 (80, 103) | 90 (78, 100) | 0.497 |
| Creatine Kinase (U-L), median (IQR) | 462 | 1695 (1203, 2457) | 1623 (1169, 2697) | 1687 (1220, 2333) | 1775 (1203, 2597) | 0.607 |
| Troponin T (ng/l), median (IQR) | 444 | 3056 (2055, 4899) | 4945 (3258, 5570) | 3029 (2199, 4938) | 2808 (1885, 4250) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 442 | 6 (5, 6) | 6 (5, 6) | 6 (5, 6) | 6 (5, 6) | 0.112 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 453 | 188 (162, 223) | 195 (174, 236) | 189 (163, 222) | 186 (161, 221) | 0.180 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 449 | 124 (92, 174) | 115 (62, 179) | 123 (90, 167) | 126 (98, 178) | 0.306 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 445 | 43 (36, 52) | 44 (35, 55) | 43 (35, 52) | 44 (36, 52) | 0.673 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 449 | 119 (92, 148) | 131 (107, 159) | 119 (95, 144) | 117 (89, 150) | 0.145 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L), median (IQR) | 456 | 50 (37, 74) | 54 (38, 74) | 47 (37, 69) | 53 (37, 77) | 0.434 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/l), median (IQR) | 456 | 206 (125, 325) | 223 (132, 312) | 225 (150, 308) | 191 (99, 331) | 0.097 |
| Gamma glutamyltransferase (IU/l), median (IQR) | 453 | 31 (21, 49) | 36 (21, 54) | 30 (21, 47) | 31 (21, 49) | 0.634 |
| Treatment | ||||||
| ACE-1/ARB, n (%) | 463 | 446 (96) | 40 (98) | 184 (95) | 222 (97) | 0.387 |
| ARNI, n (%) | 463 | 9 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 6 (3) | 0.206 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 463 | 448 (97) | 40 (98) | 186 (96) | 222 (97) | 0.257 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor agonist, n (%) | 461 | 180 (39) | 21 (53) | 78 (41) | 81 (36) | 0.103 |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 463 | 49 (11) | 6 (15) | 21 (11) | 22 (10) | 0.199 |
| Statin, n (%) | 463 | 450 (97) | 40 (98) | 191 (99) | 219 (96) | 0.011 |
| Ezetimibe, n (%) | 463 | 59 (13) | 6 (15) | 22 (11) | 31 (14) | 0.267 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 463 | 20 (4) | 3 (7) | 11 (6) | 6 (3) | 0.030 |
| Antiplatelet inhibitory drug, n (%) | 463 | 463 (100) | 41 (100) | 193 (100) | 229 (100) | 1.000 |
| Anticoagulant drug, n (%) | 463 | 37 (8) | 5 (12) | 15 (8) | 17 (7) | 0.142 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 463 | 41 (9) | 5 (12) | 19 (10) | 17 (7) | 0.112 |
| DPP4 inhibitor, n (%) | 463 | 12 (3) | 1 (2) | 7 (4) | 4 (2) | 0.100 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 463 | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.178 |
| GLP1-RA, n (%) | 463 | 4 (1) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.072 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 463 | 11 (2) | 0 (0) | 6 (3) | 5 (2) | 0.144 |
Continuous variables are reported as median (IQR) and categorical variables as frequencies (%)
P-values are reported for Kruskal–Wallis test, Chi-square test, or Fischer Exact test