Table 3.
Risk Factors for Poliovirus Seronegativity, by Poliovirus Type
| Type 2 |
Type 3 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic, Age | Patients, No. | No. Negative | Percentage Negative (95% CI) | P Value | No. Negative | Percentage Negative (95% CI) | P Value |
|
| |||||||
| Sex | .04 | .03 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Female | 65 | 47 | 72.3 (60.4–81.7) | 44 | 67.6 (55.6–77.8) | ||
| Male | 94 | 55 | 58.5 (48.4–67.9) | 56 | 59.6 (49.5–68.9) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Female | 144 | 72 | 50.0 (41.9–58.1) | 63 | 43.8 (35.9–51.9) | ||
| Male | 244 | 102 | 41.8 (35.8–48.1) | 87 | 35.7 (29.9–41.8) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Female | 189 | 52 | 26.5 (21.6–34.3) | 53 | 28.0 (22.1–34.8) | ||
| Male | 214 | 55 | 25.7 (20.3–32.0) | 50 | 23.4 (18.2–29.5) | ||
| Religion | <.001 | .001 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Hindu | 87 | 45 | 51.7 (41.4–61.9) | 49 | 56.3 (45.8–66.3) | ||
| Muslim | 72 | 57 | 79.2 (68.4–87.0) | 51 | 70.8 (59.5–80.1) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Hindu | 229 | 90 | 39.3 (33.2–45.8) | 76 | 33.2 (27.5–39.5) | ||
| Muslim | 159 | 84 | 52.8 (45.1–60.5) | 74 | 46.5 (39.0–54.3) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Hindu | 257 | 61 | 23.7 (18.9–29.3) | 61 | 23.7 (18.9–29.3) | ||
| Muslim | 146 | 46 | 31.5 (24.5–39.4) | 42 | 29.8 (22.0–36.6) | ||
| Father’s education level | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Illiterate | 51 | 37 | 72.6 (59.0–82.9) | 37 | 72.6 (59.0–82.9) | ||
| Primary school | 30 | 21 | 70.0 (52.1–83.4) | 20 | 66.7 (48.8–80.8) | ||
| Middle school | 44 | 29 | 65.9 (51.1–78.1) | 31 | 70.4 (55.8–81.8) | ||
| Tenth grade | 15 | 8 | 53.3 (30.1–75.2) | 6 | 40.0 (19.8–64.2) | ||
| Twelfth grade | 13 | 6 | 46.2 (23.2–70.9) | 5 | 38.5 (17.7–64.5) | ||
| High school graduate/postgraduate | 6 | 1 | 16.7 (.9–56.4) | 1 | 16.7 (.9–56.4) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Illiterate | 126 | 70 | 55.6 (46.8–63.9) | 55 | 43.6 (35.3–52.4) | ||
| Primary school | 68 | 35 | 51.5 (39.8–63.0) | 36 | 52.9 (41.2–64.3) | ||
| Middle school | 103 | 40 | 38.8 (30.0–48.5) | 39 | 36.9 (28.2–46.5) | ||
| Tenth grade | 54 | 22 | 40.7 (28.7–54.0) | 11 | 20.4 (11.8–32.9) | ||
| Twelfth grade | 20 | 3 | 15.0 (5.2–36.0) | 5 | 25.0 (11.2–46.9) | ||
| High school graduate/ postgraduate | 17 | 4 | 23.5 (9.6–47.3) | 5 | 29.4 (13.3–53.1) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Illiterate | 145 | 49 | 33.8 (26.6–41.8) | 43 | 29.7 (22.8–37.5) | ||
| Primary school | 62 | 22 | 35.5 (24.7–47.9) | 18 | 29.0 (19.2–41.3) | ||
| Middle school | 91 | 20 | 22.0 (14.7–31.5) | 23 | 25.3 (17.5–35.1) | ||
| Tenth grade | 52 | 11 | 21.2 (12.2–34.0) | 13 | 25.0 (15.2–38.2) | ||
| Twelfth grade | 30 | 4 | 13.3 (5.3–29.7) | 5 | 16.7 (7.3–33.6) | ||
| High school graduate/postgraduate | 23 | 1 | 4.4 (.8–21.0) | 1 | 4.4 (.8–21.0) | ||
| Setting | .63 | .10 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Rural | 128 | 81 | 63.3 (54.7–71.1) | 80 | 62.5 (53.9–70.4) | ||
| Urban | 31 | 21 | 67.7 (50.1–81.4) | 20 | 64.5 (47.0–78.9) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Rural | 318 | 175 | 45.0 (39.6–50.5) | 128 | 40.2 (35.0–45.7) | ||
| Urban | 70 | 31 | 44.3 (33.2–55.9) | 22 | 31.4 (21.8–43.0) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Rural | 322 | 89 | 27.6 (23.0–32.8) | 87 | 27.0 (22.5–32.1) | ||
| Urban | 81 | 18 | 22.2 (14.5–32.4) | 16 | 19.8 (12.5–29.7) | ||
| Routine OPV doses, no. | <.001 | .001 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| 0 | 53 | 49 | 92.4 (82.1–97.0) | 41 | 77.4 (64.5–86.6) | ||
| ≥1 | 92 | 40 | 44.6 (34.8–54.7) | 47 | 51.1 (41.0–61.0) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| 0 | 83 | 57 | 68.7 (58.1–77.6) | 40 | 48.2 (37.8–58.8) | ||
| ≥1 | 260 | 89 | 34.2 (28.7–40.2) | 90 | 34.6 (29.1–40.6) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| 0 | 155 | 49 | 31.6 (24.8–39.3) | 45 | 29.0 (22.5–36.6) | ||
| ≥1 | 208 | 47 | 22.6 (17.4–28.8) | 52 | 25.0 (19.6–31.3) | ||
| Recurrent diarrhea | .03 | .99 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Yes | 30 | 23 | 76.7 (59.1–88.2) | 21 | 70.0 (52.1–83.3) | ||
| No | 128 | 78 | 60.9 (52.3–69.0) | 78 | 60.9 (52.3–69.0) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Yes | 65 | 35 | 53.8 (41.8–65.4) | 23 | 35.4 (24.9–47.5) | ||
| No | 323 | 139 | 43.0 (37.8–48.5) | 127 | 39.3 (34.2–44.7) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Yes | 47 | 14 | 29.8 (18.6–44.0) | 12 | 25.5 (15.2–39.5) | ||
| No | 356 | 93 | 26.1 (21.8–30.9) | 91 | 25.6 (21.3–30.3) | ||
| Height for age | .001 | <.001 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Severe stunting | 21 | 15 | 71.4 (50.0–86.2) | 14 | 66.7 (45.4–82.8) | ||
| Moderate stunting | 26 | 24 | 92.3 (75.9–97.9) | 16 | 61.5 (42.5–77.6) | ||
| No stunting | 110 | 63 | 57.3 (47.9–66.1) | 69 | 62.7 (53.4–71.2) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Severe stunting | 126 | 60 | 47.6 (39.1–56.3) | 54 | 42.9 (34.6–51.6) | ||
| Moderate stunting | 94 | 43 | 45.7 (36.0–55.8) | 43 | 45.7 (36.0–55.8) | ||
| No stunting | 168 | 71 | 42.3 (35.0–49.8) | 53 | 31.6 (25.0–38.9) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Severe stunting | 190 | 64 | 33.7 (27.4–40.7) | 63 | 33.2 (26.9–40.1) | ||
| Moderate stunting | 98 | 22 | 22.4 (15.3–31.7) | 24 | 24.5 (17.0–33.9) | ||
| No stunting | 115 | 21 | 18.3 (12.3–26.3) | 16 | 13.9 (8.8–21.4) | ||
| Weight for height | .30 | .96 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Severe wasting | 39 | 25 | 64.1 (48.4–77.3) | 28 | 71.8 (56.2–83.5) | ||
| Moderate wasting | 35 | 23 | 65.6 (49.2–79.2) | 22 | 62.9 (46.3–76.8) | ||
| No wasting | 83 | 54 | 65.1 (54.3–74.4) | 49 | 59.0 (48.3–69.0) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Severe wasting | 52 | 20 | 38.5 (26.5–52.0) | 16 | 30.8 (19.9–44.3) | ||
| Moderate wasting | 68 | 34 | 50.0 (38.4–61.6) | 26 | 38.2 (27.6–50.1) | ||
| No wasting | 267 | 119 | 44.6 (38.7–50.6) | 108 | 40.4 (34.7–46.4) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Severe wasting | 46 | 13 | 28.3 (17.3–42.6) | 14 | 30.4 (19.1–44.8) | ||
| Moderate wasting | 65 | 22 | 33.8 (23.5–46.0) | 17 | 26.2 (17.0–38.0) | ||
| No wasting | 290 | 72 | 24.8 (20.2–30.1) | 72 | 24.8 (20.2–30.1) | ||
| Giardia lamblia | .44 | .09 | |||||
| 6–11 mo | |||||||
| Positive | 14 | 10 | 71.4 (45.5–88.3) | 9 | 64.3 (38.8–83.7) | ||
| Negative | 145 | 92 | 63.4 (55.4–70.8) | 91 | 62.8 (54.7–70.2) | ||
| 12–23 mo | |||||||
| Positive | 84 | 45 | 53.6 (43.0–63.8) | 35 | 41.7 (31.7–52.4) | ||
| Negative | 304 | 129 | 42.4 (37.0–48.0) | 115 | 37.8 (32.6–43.4) | ||
| 24–59 mo | |||||||
| Positive | 90 | 20 | 22.2 (14.9–31.8) | 30 | 33.3 (24.4–43.6) | ||
| Negative | 313 | 87 | 27.8 (23.1–33.0) | 73 | 23.3 (19.0–28.3) | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OPV, oral polio vaccine.