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. 2023 Oct 2;22:159. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01860-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — CAF interacts with a variety of tumor-promoting components through multiple signaling pathways. CAF can exert its pro-tumor function by promoting tumor neovascularization, promoting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, regulating tumor microenvironment to an immunosuppressive state, and reconstructing ECM, etc. CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CXCL, C–X–C motif chemokine; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; HMGB1, high mobility group protein 1; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; NOTCH3, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3; LOXL2, lysyl oxidase like 2; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; POSTN, periostin; SDF-1, super dimensional fortress-1; SPARC, secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNFSF4, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 4; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. By Figdraw