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. 2023 Oct 2;23:328. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-02294-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Optical inhibition of PBN-BF projections delays emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. A Schematic of inhibitory optogenetic virus (NpHR) injection into the PBN and optical implant into the BF in mice. B Histological and fluorescence image showing the virus expression in the PBN and BF. C Schematic showing the protocol of optogenetic suppression of PBN-BF projections during isoflurane anesthesia. D and E LORR time and RORR time of mice with optogenetic inhibition of PBN-BF projections, n = 8 per group. F Representative EEG traces (above) and corresponding power spectra (below) optical activation under 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia in the EYEP (left) and NpHR group (right). G Statistics of the change of BSR before and during optical suppression, n = 6 per group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, data are graphed as mean ± SD