. 2023 Sep 18;14:1249418. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1249418

TABLE 2.

The preclinical study of curcumin on different rodent models in osteoporosis.

Animals model	Dosage range	Active concentration	Functions	Signaling pathways/Mechanisms	References
OVX model
In vivo, OVX mice model	110 mg/kg for 2 months	10 mg/kg	Stimulates bone formation	EZH2/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways	French et al. (2008), Kim et al. (2011), Cho et al. (2012), Hussan et al. (2012), Cho et al. (2013), Jiang et al. (2021)
In vivo, OVX rat model	50 mg/kg for 8 or 12 weeks	50 mg/kg; 75 mg/kg; 110 mg/kg	Promotes the increase of trabecular bone density
	75, 150,750 mg/kg for 6 months
	10 and 50 mg/kg for 4 or 8 weeks
In vivo, OVX mice model	50 mg/kg for 4 or 8 weeks	50 mg/kg	Inhibits bone resorption	——	French et al. (2008), Kim et al. (2011), Cho et al. (2012), Hussan et al. (2012), Cho et al. (2013), Liang et al. (2020b)
In vivo, OVX rat model	200 mg/kg for 4 weeks	75 mg/kg; 110 mg/kg; 200 mg/kg	Promotes the increase of trabecular bone density
	75, 150 and 750 mg/kg for 6 months
	110 mg/kg for 2 months
GIOP model
In vivo, GIOP rat model	100 mg/kg for 2 months	100 mg/kg	Protects bone loss and promotes bone formation by inhibiting apoptosis	Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	Chen et al. (2016a), Chen et al. (2016b)
In vivo, GIOP rat model	100 mg/kg for 2 months	100 mg/kg	Promotes the increase of trabecular bone density	Suppresses the formation of apoptosis	Chen et al. (2016a), Chen et al. (2016b)
In vivo, GIOP mice model	200 mg/kg for 12 weeks	200 mg/kg	Inhibits bone resorption	OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathways	Li et al. (2015)
In vivo, GIOP mice model	200 mg/kg for 12 weeks	200 mg/kg	Promotes the increase of trabecular bone density	OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathways	Li et al. (2015)
DOP model
In vivo, DOP rat model	100, 110 or 120 mg/kg for 2 or 8 weeks	100 mg/kg	Inhibits bone resorption and prevents bone loss	NF-κB and TGFβ/Smad2/3 signaling pathways	Hie et al. (2009), Liang et al. (2020a), Deng et al. (2021), Fan et al. (2022)
In vivo, DOP mice model			Promotes the increase of trabecular bone density
In vivo, T2DOP rat model
HLS model
In vivo, HLS rat model	110 mg/kg for 6 weeks	110 mg/kg	Prevents bone loss by inhibiting oxidative stress	Inhibits oxidative stress	Xin et al. (2015)
In vivo, HLS rat model	110 mg/kg for 6 weeks	110 mg/kg	Promotes the increase of trabecular bone density	Inhibits oxidative stress	Xin et al. (2015)

Abbreviations: OVX, ovariectomy; EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2; Wnt, wingless and int-1; GIOP, glucocorticoid osteoporosis; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANKL, nuclear factor receptor activator kappa B ligand; RANK, nuclear factor kappa B; DOP, diabetic osteoporosis; T2DOP, type 2 diabetic osteoporosis; NF-κB, nuclear transcription factor-κB; Smad2/3, recombinant mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3; HLS, hind-limb suspension.