TABLE 3.

New applications of curcumin nanoformulations in osteoporosis treatment.

Type of nanoformulations	Experimental model (Animals/Cells)	Dosage range	Active concentration	Functions	Signaling pathways/Mechanisms	References
CUR/ALN nanoparticles coated with HA	In vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells	0.5–10 μM	0.5 μM	Promotes osteoblasts differentiation, proliferation and mineralization	Keap 1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways	Jebahi et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2018), Li and Zhang (2018)
CUR-encapsulated chitosan-bioglass	In vivo, Surgery-induced femoral condyle defect Wistar rats	25 mg/kg for 4 weeks	25 mg/kg	Stimulates bone formation
CUR-loaded PLGA microspheres	In vitro and vivo, HG-induced BMSCs/T2OP rat model
CUR-loaded CD gold nanoparticles	In vitro and vivo, BMMs and osteoclasts induced by RANKL/OVX mice model	0.5–10 μM	0.5 μM	Inhibits osteoclasts differentiation and formation	MAPK and OPG/RANK/RANKLsignaling pathways	Heo et al. (2014), Partoazar and Goudarzi (2022)
CUR-loaded PSL liposomes	In vivo, GIOP rat model	25 mg/kg for 3 weeks	25 mg/kg	Inhibits bone resorption and prevents bone loss

Abbreviations: CUR, curcumin; ALN, alendronate; Keap 1,kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor-like 2; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; PLGA, polylactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid copolymer; BMSCs, bone marrow stromal cells; T2DOP, type 2 diabetic osteoporosis; CD,β-cyclodextrin; PSL, phosphatidylserine liposomes; BMMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages; RANKL, nuclear factor receptor activator kappa B ligand; OVX, ovariectomy; GIOP, glucocorticoid osteoporosis; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase pass; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RNAK, nuclear factor kappa B; RANKL, nuclear factor receptor activator kappa B ligand.