Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants (N = 11,558) according to alcohol consumption
| Characteristic | Alcohol Consumption Status | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never Drinker (N = 1630) | Former Drinker (N = 2508) | Light Drinker (N = 4058) | Moderate Drinker (N = 1595) | Heavy Drinker (N = 1767) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.65 ± 0.39 | 58.60 ± 0.30 | 57.33 ± 0.27 | 53.99 ± 0.35 | 51.08 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 |
| α-klotho (pg/mL) | 884.30 ± 11.48 | 848.21 ± 7.51 | 854.31 ± 6.90 | 826.77 ± 9.67 | 803.14 ± 9.35 | < 0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 24.98 ± 0.66 | 30.10 ± 0.88 | 26.45 ± 0.46 | 30.57 ± 2.15 | 41.03 ± 1.65 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Female | 72.57 (68.75, 76.08) | 50.07 (47.43, 52.71) | 45.89 (44.04, 47.76) | 65.88 (62.88, 68.76) | 40.47 (37.16, 43.87) | |
| Male | 27.43 (23.92, 31.25) | 49.93 (47.29, 52.57) | 54.11 (52.24, 55.96) | 34.12 (31.24, 37.12) | 59.53 (56.13, 62.84) | |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 10.52 (7.70, 14.22) | 6.87 (5.08, 9.23) | 3.32 (2.52, 4.36) | 5.50 (4.25, 7.09) | 10.74 (8.70, 13.20) | |
| Other Hispanic | 6.71 (5.24, 8.56) | 4.61 (3.61, 5.85) | 3.10 (2.29, 4.17) | 3.55 (2.42, 5.17) | 5.91 (4.56, 7.63) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 56.48 (50.39, 62.38) | 71.68 (67.36, 75.64) | 80.26 (77.51, 82.75) | 89.99 (76.09, 83.40) | 70.86 (67.04, 74.41) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 12.96 (10.50, 15.89) | 10.84 (8.74, 13.37) | 7.32 (6.14, 8.70) | 8.25 (6.58, 10.30) | 8.24 (6.73, 10.05) | |
| Others | 13.33 (10.60, 16.64) | 6.01 (4.65, 7.72) | 6.00 (4.97, 7.24) | 2.70 (1.82, 3.99) | 4.25 (3.11, 5.77) | |
| BMI (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Normal weight | 22.43 (19.85, 25.24) | 18.33 (16.02, 20.89) | 25.60 (23.53, 27.79) | 28.28 (25.25, 31.53) | 24.90 (22.18, 27.83) | |
| Overweight | 33.33 (30.33, 36.47) | 31.68 (28.97, 34.52) | 37.54 (35.51, 39.62) | 34.18 (31.06, 37.45) | 34.77 (31.60, 38.08) | |
| Obese | 44.24 (41.07, 47.46) | 49.99 (47.02, 52.96) | 36.86 (34.53, 39.26) | 37.53 (34.05, 41.15) | 40.33 (36.68, 44.09) | |
| Marital status (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Married/living with partner | 66.48 (63.07, 69.73) | 66.75 (64.34, 69.07) | 76.09 (74.24, 77.85) | 71.22 (68.01, 74.24) | 61.52 (57.89, 65.02) | |
| Living alone | 33.52 (30.27, 36.93) | 33.25 (30.93, 35.66) | 23.91 (22.15, 25.76) | 28.78 (25.76, 31.99) | 38.48 (34.98, 42.11) | |
| PIR (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 1.30 | 28.45 (25.23, 31.91) | 25.78 (22.99, 28.8) | 10.39 (9.05, 11.90) | 11.16 (9.19, 13.48) | 23.69 (20.88, 26.76) | |
| 1.30−2.99 | 33.33 (30.21, 36.61) | 33.02 (30.13, 36.04) | 21.69 (19.71, 23.82) | 23.00 (20.49, 25.72) | 28.43 (25.14, 31.97) | |
| ≥ 3.00 | 38.21 (34.14, 42.46) | 41.20 (37.47, 45.04) | 67.92 (65.11, 70.61) | 65.84 (62.36, 69.16) | 47.88 (43.78, 52.00) | |
| Education level (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 26.87 (23.59, 30.41) | 25.18 (22.37, 28.21) | 8.96 (7.62, 10.50) | 9.54 (8.01, 11.34) | 20.59 (17.97, 23.49) | |
| High school or GED | 26.17 (23.01, 29.60) | 27.51 (24.84, 30.35) | 17.37 (15.68, 19.20) | 19.58 (16.66, 22.86) | 29.23 (26.02, 32.66) | |
| Above high school | 46.96 (42.30, 51.68) | 47.31 (43.48, 51.17) | 73.68 (70.97, 76.22) | 70.88 (66.94, 74.53) | 50.18 (46.46, 53.91) | |
| Smoking status (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 85.94 (83.71, 87.91) | 39.28 (36.45, 42.19) | 57.04 (55.01, 59.05) | 45.89 (42.64, 49.18) | 32.67 (29.77, 35.72) | |
| Former smoker | 9.04 (7.41, 10.98) | 38.91 (36.49, 41.39) | 31.28 (29.12, 33.52) | 35.67 (32.40, 39.09) | 26.92 (24.02, 30.03) | |
| Current smoker | 5.02 (3.96, 6.36) | 21.81 (19.56, 24.24) | 11.68 (10.38, 13.13) | 18.43 (16.03, 21.11) | 40.40 (37.22, 43.67) | |
| Diabetes (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 71.91 (68.94, 74.70) | 71.43 (68.94, 73.80) | 82.34 (80.32, 84.20) | 87.39 (85.48, 89.08) | 85.13 (82.16, 87.67) | |
| Yes | 28.09 (25.30, 31.06) | 28.57 (26.20, 31.06) | 17.66 (15.80, 19.68) | 12.61 (10.92, 14.52) | 14.87 (12.33, 17.84) | |
| Hypertension (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 46.07 (42.72, 49.46) | 44.39 (41.52, 47.29) | 53.31 (50.68, 55.91) | 53.88 (50.41, 57.32) | 54.31 (51.20, 57.39) | |
| Yes | 53.93 (50.54, 57.28) | 55.61 (52.71, 58.48) | 46.69 (44.09, 49.32) | 46.12 (42.68, 49.59) | 45.69 (42.61, 48.80) | |
| CKD (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 79.15 (76.11, 81.90) | 76.83 (74.63, 78.90) | 85.67 (84.24, 86.99) | 86.47 (83.81, 88.75) | 86.34 (84.48, 88.00) | |
| Yes | 20.85 (18.10, 23.89) | 23.17 (21.10, 25.37) | 14.33 (13.01, 15.76) | 13.53 (11.25, 16.19) | 13.66 (12.00, 15.52) | |
| CVD (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 89.13 (87.10, 90.87) | 80.23 (77.80, 82.45) | 89.96 (88.96, 90.89) | 92.95 (90.93, 94.55) | 91.95 (90.08, 93.49) | |
| Yes | 10.87 (9.13, 12.90) | 19.77 (17.55, 22.20) | 10.04 (9.11, 11.04) | 7.05 (5.45, 9.07) | 8.05 (6.51, 9.92) | |
| COPD (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 95.49 (93.69, 96.79) | 88.27 (86.40, 89.91) | 93.10 (91.95, 94.10) | 92.98 (91.12, 94.47) | 92.84 (90.69, 94.52) | |
| Yes | 4.51 (3.21, 6.31) | 11.73 (10.09, 13.60) | 6.90 (5.90, 8.05) | 7.02 (5.53, 8.88) | 7.16 (5.48, 9.31) | |
| Cancer (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 88.01 (85.32, 90.27) | 85.03 (83.21, 86.68) | 84.20 (82.67, 85.63) | 86.42 (83.94, 88.56) | 91.00 (88.93, 92.71) | |
| Yes | 11.99 (9.73, 14.68) | 14.97 (13.32, 16.79) | 15.80 (14.37, 17.33) | 13.58 (11.44, 16.06) | 9.00 (7.29, 11.07) | |
Mean ± SE for continuous variables: P value for weighted linear regression model. % (95% Confidence interval CI) for categorical variables: P value for weighted chi-square test
Abbreviations: GGT Gamma-glutamyl transferase, BMI Body mass index, PIR Ratio of family income to poverty, CKD Chronic kidney disease, CVD Cardiovascular disease, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease