. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 2.

Published in final edited form as: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022 May 20;142:108806. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108806

Table 5.

Association between class membership on healthcare utilization and health events relative to Low Multimorbidity class, n = 1384 ALIVE participants from 2015 to 2019.

	Healthcare utilization								Health events
	Medication for opioid use disorder^a		Outpatient visit		Emergency room visit		Inpatient stay		Cardiovascular^b		Infectious^c

	OR (95% CI)	aOR^d (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR^d (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR^d (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR^d (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR^d (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR^d (95% CI)

Low multimorbidity Psychiatric comorbidity	1.9 (1.5–2.4)	1.4 (1.1–1.9)	1.4 (1.1–1.9)	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	1.5 (1.1–2.1)	1.4 (0.9–1.9)	1.3 (0.9–1.9)	0.8 (0.4–1.4)	0.9 (0.5–1.7)	1.6 (1.2–2.0)	1.3 (0.9–1.7)
Multimorbidity	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	2.6 (1.6–4.3)	2.0 (1.2–3.3)	1.8 (1.3–2.6)	2.0 (1.3–2.8)	1.8 (1.2–2.8)	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	2.0 (1.2–3.5)	1.7 (0.9–2.9)	1.1 (0.7–1.5)	1.2 (0.8–1.7)
Multimorbidity Psychiatric comorbidity	2.1 (1.3–3.3)	2.1 (1.3–3.5)	2.2 (1.2–3.9)	1.8 (1.0–3.4)	1.8 (1.3–2.7)	1.7 (1.1–2.8)	2.3 (1.4–3.8)	2.2 (1.3–3.7)	2.1 (1.1–4.1)	1.9 (0.9–3.8)	2.5 (1.6–3.8)	2.1 (1.4–3.3)

Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) includes prescription of buprenorphine, naltrexone, or methadone in the last 6 months of the participant’s last visit.

Cardiovascular events include self-report myocardial infraction, heart failure, heart disease, or stroke between 2015 and 2019.

Infectious events include self-report sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, or skin infection between 2015 and 2019.

Controlling for baseline age, sex, race, income, disability, insurance, same provider>90% of visits, substance use, number of visits, and number of days between first and last visit.