Table 2.
Fried’s frailty characteristics by cognitive status and odds ratio for cognitive frailty.
| Total (n = 233) | Frailty (n = 178) | Cognitive frailty (n = 55) | p | Cognitive frailty OR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted Cognitive frailty OR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unintended weight loss, n (%) | ||||||||
| Lost <5% of body mass | 160 (68.7) | 124 (69.7) | 36 (68.7) | 0.645 | Ref | 0.645 | Ref | 0.765 |
| Lost >5% of body mass | 73 (31.3) | 54 (30.3) | 19 (31.3) | 1.163 (0.612–2.210) | 1.107 (0.567–2.164) | |||
| Self-reported exhaustion and fatigue, n (%) | ||||||||
| Did not meet the criteria | 67 (28.8) | 54 (30.3) | 13 (23.6) | 0.288 | 1.593 (0.757–3.350) | 0.220 | 1.673 (0.783–3.575) | 0.184 |
| Met the criteria | 166 (71.2) | 124 (69.7) | 42 (76.4) | |||||
| Exhaustion, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 42 (18.0) | 38 (21.3) | 4 (7.3) | 0.041 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–2 days | 42 (18.0) | 31 (17.4) | 11 (20.0) | 4.138 (1.041–16.444) | 0.044 | 4.495 (1.109–18.224) | 0.035 | |
| 3–4 days | 69 (29.6) | 53 (29.8) | 16 (29.1) | 3.529 (1.001–13.093) | 0.049 | 3.806 (1.008–14.370) | 0.049 | |
| 5–7 days | 80 (34.3) | 56 (31.5) | 24 (43.6) | 5.647 (1.580–20.185) | 0.008 | 5.791 (1.594–21.033) | 0.008 | |
| Fatigue, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 69 (29.6) | 58 (32.6) | 11 (20.0) | 0.213 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–2 days | 60 (25.8) | 46 (25.8) | 14 (25.5) | 1.702 (0.680–4.259) | 0.255 | 1.981 (0.769–5.105) | 0.157 | |
| 3–4 days | 49 (21.0) | 35 (19.7) | 14 (25.5) | 2.234 (0.879–5.677) | 0.091 | 2.690 (1.021–7.085) | 0.045 | |
| 5–7 days | 55 (23.6) | 39 (21.9) | 16 (29.1) | 2.316 (0.949–5.649) | 0.065 | 2.857 (1.130–7.229) | 0.027 | |
| Physical activity expenditure, n (%) | ||||||||
| Low | 35 (15.0) | 30 (16.9) | 5 (9.1) | 0.151 | 0.525 (0.189–1.496) | 0.217 | 0.525 (1.189–1.461) | 0.217 |
| Normal | 198 (85.0) | 148 (83.1) | 50 (90.9) | |||||
| Physical activity expenditure (kcal/week) | 3031.62 ± 3173.28 | 3171.45 ± 3324.75 | 2584.18 ± 2607.46 | 0.232 | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.29 | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.502 |
| Gait speed, n (%) | ||||||||
| Low | 61 (26.2) | 42 (23.6) | 19 (26.2) | 0.140 | 1.580 (0.810–3.085) | 0.180 | 1.213 (0.598–2.461) | 0.593 |
| Normal | 172 (73.8) | 136 (65.5) | 36 (73.8) | |||||
| 4.57-meter Gait test (s) | 6.02 ± 2.52 | 5.79 ± 2.41 | 6.73 ± 2.75 | 0.016 | 1.131 (1.009–1.268) | 0.034 | 1.068 (0.945–1.208) | 0.293 |
| Handgrip strength, n (%) | ||||||||
| Low | 143 (61.4) | 105 (59.0) | 38 (69.1) | 0.095 | 1.824 (0.903–3.685) | 0.094 | 1.526 (0.740–3.147) | 0.252 |
| Normal | 90 (38.6) | 73 (41.0) | 17 (30.9) | |||||
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 21.51 ± 9.45 | 22.31 ± 9.80 | 18.80 ± 7.64 | 0.019 | 0.954 (0.919–0.991) | 0.014 | 0.963 (0.927–0.999) | 0.049 |
| Frailty status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Pre-frail | 161 (69.1) | 129 (58.2) | 32 (69.1) | 0.033 | 1.928 (1.014–3.666) | 0.045 | 1.600 (0.819–3.127) | 0.169 |
| Frail | 72 (30.9) | 49 (41.8) | 23 (30.9) | |||||
| Frail criteria | 2.05 ± 0.97 | 1.99 ± 0.95 | 2.24 ± 1.01 | 0.098 | 1.294 (0.950–1.763) | 0.103 | 1.187 (0.860–1.639) | 0.297 |
Values are expressed as counts (percentages) or mean ± standard deviation. Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) are bolded. OR, Odd Ratio. Adjusted OR ratio included age as covariable.