TABLE 1. Influenza* vaccination and tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccination^† coverage among pregnant women, by selected characteristics — Internet panel survey, United States, April 2023.

Characteristic	Influenza vaccine		Tdap vaccine		Both influenza and Tdap vaccines
	Total no. (weighted %)§	Weighted % vaccinated (95% CI)¶	Total no. (weighted %)§	Weighted % vaccinated (95% CI)¶	Total no. (weighted %)§	Weighted % vaccinated (95% CI)¶
Overall	1,814 (100.0)	47.2 (44.4–50.1)	776 (100.0)	55.4 (51.5–59.3)	775 (100.0)	25.6 (22.1–29.3)
Age group, yrs
18–24	329 (23.3)	39.9 (33.0–47.0)**	121 (20.1)	51.6 (41.4–61.7)	120 (20.0)	20.7 (12.5–31.1)**
25–34	916 (57.3)	48.9 (45.1–52.7)	442 (60.8)	55.9 (50.7–61.1)	442 (60.9)	25.0 (20.5–30.0)
35–49 (Ref)	569 (19.4)	51.3 (46.5–56.0)	213 (19.1)	58.0 (50.7–64.9)	213 (19.2)	32.5 (25.9–39.6)
Race and ethnicity††
Black or African American	227 (16.6)	39.5 (31.0–48.5)	88 (14.5)	31.4 (21.5–42.7)**	87 (14.3)	12.0 (5.8–21.1)**
White (Ref)	1,011 (50.5)	46.1 (42.5–49.8)	502 (54.1)	62.2 (57.8–66.5)	502 (54.2)	26.6 (22.7–30.8)
Hispanic or Latino	427 (23.3)	52.7 (47.0–58.3)	131 (22.7)	50.8 (41.1–60.5)**	131 (22.7)	23.8 (15.8–33.4)
Other	149 (9.7)	53.2 (42.6–63.6)	55 (8.7)	—§§	55 (8.7)	—§§
Education
High school diploma or less	506 (31.4)	36.2 (31.0–41.8)**	220 (29.2)	45.7 (38.7–52.9)**	219 (29.1)	15.0 (10.4–20.6)**
Some college, no degree	388 (22.1)	40.6 (34.8–46.5)**	163 (22.4)	60.6 (51.9–68.8)	163 (22.4)	30.4 (22.2–39.6)
College degree	634 (33.9)	54.3 (49.1–59.4)**	293 (36.6)	58.2 (51.4–64.8)	293 (36.7)	27.9 (22.2–34.3)
Higher than college degree (Ref)	286 (12.6)	67.5 (60.7–73.7)	100 (11.8)	61.2(49.1–72.3)	100 (11.8)	35.5 (24.1–48.2)
Employment status
Working (Ref)	1,253 (67.4)	52.7 (49.3–56.1)	477 (61.8)	53.0 (47.9–58.1)	476 (61.7)	26.0 (21.4–31.0)
Not working	560 (32.6)	35.9 (30.9–41.0)**	299 (38.2)	59.3 (52.9–65.5)	299 (38.3)	25.0 (19.7–30.9)
Poverty status ¶¶
At or above poverty level (Ref)	1,325 (69.7)	54.3 (51.0–57.5)	571 (72.5)	57.7 (53.0–62.3)	571 (72.6)	28.2 (24.0–32.7)
Below poverty level	480 (30.3)	31.4 (26.4–36.8)**	205 (27.5)	49.5 (41.9–57.2)	204 (27.4)	18.6 (12.8–25.8)**
Area of residence***
Rural	361 (18.0)	38.4 (32.7–44.5)**	189 (22.9)	59.3 (51.3–67.0)	189 (22.9)	21.9 (15.2–29.9)
Nonrural (Ref)	1,453 (82.0)	49.2 (45.9–52.4)	587 (77.1)	54.3 (49.7–58.8)	586 (77.1)	26.7 (22.7–31.0)
U.S. Census Bureau region†††
Northeast (Ref)	280 (17.6)	52.3 (44.5–60.0)	109 (16.0)	56.3 (45.6–66.6)	108 (15.9)	31.1 (21.4–42.3)
Midwest	402 (20.1)	47.6 (41.5–53.8)	181 (21.1)	60.9 (52.9–68.6)	181 (21.1)	26.2 (19.9–33.3)
South	745 (38.3)	44.0 (39.5–48.6)	337 (39.9)	54.1 (48.3–59.9)	337 (40.0)	21.2 (16.8–26.2)
West	387 (24.1)	48.4 (42.2–54.7)	149 (23.0)	52.1 (42.3–61.9)	149 (23.0)	28.9 (19.9–39.3)
Prenatal insurance coverage§§§
Private or military insurance only (Ref)	761 (39.6)	54.9 (50.5–59.2)	372 (45.2)	61.4 (55.7–66.8)	372 (45.3)	33.7 (28.2–39.5)
Any public insurance	985 (56.1)	42.7 (38.7–46.7)**	385 (52.3)	50.8 (45.2–56.5)**	384 (52.3)	19.4 (15.0–24.4)**
No insurance	68 (4.3)	—§§	19 (2.5)	—§§	19 (2.5)	—§§
Provider vaccination recommendation or offer ¶¶¶
Offered or referred (Ref)	1,306 (70.9)	61.4 (58.0–64.7)	620 (79.2)	69.1 (65.0–73.0)	486 (63.5)****	37.5 (32.7–42.4)
Recommended, no offer or referral	125 (7.6)	22.7 (15.0–32.0)**	23 (3.8)	—§§	230 (29.7)††††	5.0 (2.5–8.9)**
No recommendation	356 (21.5)	10.8 (7.5–14.9)**	133 (17.0)	—§§	49 (6.8) §§§§	0 (0–7.3)**
No. of provider visits since Jul 1, 2022
None	26 (1.9)	—§§	NA	NA	NA	NA
1–5	704 (41.2)	45.2 (40.6–49.8)	NA	NA	NA	NA
6–10	442 (24.2)	52.5 (46.3–58.6)	NA	NA	NA	NA
>10 (Ref)	640 (32.7)	46.9 (42.2–51.6)	NA	NA	NA	NA
High-risk condition for influenza ¶¶¶¶
Yes (Ref)	837 (48.4)	49.3 (45.2–53.5)	NA	NA	NA	NA
No	899 (51.6)	44.4 (40.5–48.3)	NA	NA	NA	NA

Abbreviations: NA = not applicable; Ref = referent group; Tdap = tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis.

* Respondents pregnant at any time during October 2022–January 2023 were included in the analyses to assess influenza vaccination coverage for the 2022–23 season. Women who reported receiving an influenza vaccination since July 1, 2022, before or during their pregnancy, were considered vaccinated.

^† Respondents pregnant since August 1, 2022, with a recent live birth were included in the analyses to assess Tdap vaccination coverage. Women who reported receiving a Tdap vaccination during their pregnancy were considered vaccinated.

^§ The total unweighted number and weighted proportion of respondents in the sample.

^¶ Korn-Graubard 95% CI.

** Statistically significant difference compared with Ref.

^†† Race and ethnicity were self-reported. Persons of Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) origin might be of any race but are categorized as Hispanic; all racial groups are non-Hispanic. The “Other” race category included Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and women who selected multiple races.

^§§ Dashes indicate estimates do not meet the National Center for Health Statistics’ standards of reliability. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_175.pdf

^¶¶ Poverty status was defined on the basis of the reported number of persons living in the household and annual household income, according to U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html

*** Rurality was defined using zip codes where >50% of the population lives in a nonmetropolitan county, a rural U.S. Census Bureau tract, or both, according to the Health Resources and Services Administration’s definition. https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/about-us/what-is-rural

^††† https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf

^§§§ Respondents pregnant on their survey date were asked what medical insurance or medical care coverage they had; respondents who had already delivered were asked what coverage they had during their most recent pregnancy. Women considered to have public insurance selected at least one of the following: Medicaid, Medicare, state-sponsored medical plan, or other government plan. Respondents considered to have private or military insurance selected private medical insurance or military medical care and did not select any type of public insurance.

^¶¶¶ Excluded women from influenza vaccination analyses who did not report having a provider visit since July 2022 (27).

**** Received provider offer or referral for both influenza and Tdap vaccines.

^†††† Received a combination of provider offer or referral, recommendation with no referral, or no recommendation for influenza or Tdap vaccines that did not include receipt of offer or referral for both vaccines or no recommendation received for both vaccines. For example, the respondent might have received an offer or referral for influenza vaccine and a recommendation with no referral for Tdap vaccine.

^§§§§ Did not receive a provider recommendation for influenza or Tdap vaccines.

^¶¶¶¶ Conditions other than pregnancy associated with increased risk for serious medical complications of influenza include chronic asthma, a lung condition other than asthma, a heart condition, diabetes, a kidney condition, a liver condition, obesity, sickle cell disease, a neurologic or neuromuscular condition, or a weakened immune system caused by a chronic illness or by medicines taken for a chronic illness. Women who were missing information were excluded from analysis (78).