TABLE 2. COVID-19 vaccination coverage among pregnant women, by selected characteristics — Internet panel survey, United States, April 2023.
| Characteristic | Total no. (weighted %)† |
Weighted % (95% CI)* |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received ≥1 COVID-19 vaccine dose§ | Completed primary COVID-19 vaccination series¶ | Received a COVID-19 bivalent booster dose** | ||
|
Overall
|
1,252 (100.0)
|
64.9 (61.9–67.8)
|
58.7 (55.6–61.7)
|
27.3 (24.7–30.0)
|
|
Age group, yrs
| ||||
| 18–24 |
240 (21.2)
|
56.7 (49.8–63.4)†† |
48.1 (41.2–55.0)†† |
20.5 (15.3–26.4)†† |
| 25–34 |
590 (58.5)
|
65.1 (60.9–69.1)†† |
59.2 (54.9–63.3)†† |
26.2 (22.5–30.0)†† |
| 35–49 (Ref) |
422 (20.2)
|
72.7 (68.0–77.1) |
68.5 (63.6–73.1) |
37.9 (33.0–43.0) |
|
Race and ethnicity§§
| ||||
| Black or African American |
171 (15.3)
|
62.8 (54.4–70.7) |
53.1 (44.7–61.3) |
18.8 (12.9–26.0)†† |
| White (Ref) |
647 (51.4)
|
63.1 (58.9–67.1) |
57.1 (52.8–61.3) |
28.4 (24.8–32.2) |
| Hispanic or Latino |
338 (23.9)
|
68.4 (62.8–73.6) |
63.2 (57.5–68.6) |
31.0 (26.0–36.4) |
| Other |
96 (9.4)
|
69.0 (56.9–79.5) |
65.1 (52.8–76.1) |
25.9 (16.0–38.0) |
|
Education
| ||||
| High school diploma or less |
332 (28.2)
|
47.7 (41.7–53.7)†† |
39.9 (34.0–45.9)†† |
18.7 (14.4–23.8)†† |
| Some college, no degree |
269 (22.5)
|
55.8 (49.1–62.3)†† |
46.9 (40.2–53.7)†† |
13.8 (9.3–19.3)†† |
| College degree |
415 (32.9)
|
76.4 (71.5–80.8) |
71.6 (66.6–76.3)†† |
31.2 (26.5–36.2)†† |
| Higher than college degree (Ref) |
236 (16.5)
|
83.6 (77.0–89.0) |
81.1 (74.2–86.8) |
52.6 (45.3–59.9) |
|
Employment status***
| ||||
| Working (Ref) |
930 (73.3)
|
70.4 (67.0–73.6) |
64.3 (60.8–67.7) |
32.6 (29.4–35.9) |
| Not working |
321 (26.7)
|
49.7 (43.4–55.9)†† |
43.1 (37.0–49.5)†† |
13.0 (9.1–17.7)†† |
|
Poverty status†††
| ||||
| At or above poverty level (Ref) |
944 (74.5)
|
70.8 (67.5–74.0) |
65.6 (62.1–68.9) |
31.8 (28.6–35.1) |
| Below poverty level |
298 (25.5)
|
47.7 (41.4–54.1)†† |
39.3 (33.1–45.7)†† |
14.0 (10.0–18.9)†† |
|
Area of residence§§§
| ||||
| Rural |
218 (17.2)
|
45.9 (38.6–53.3)†† |
40.0 (32.9–47.3)†† |
18.7 (13.6–24.7)†† |
| Nonrural (Ref) |
1,034 (82.8)
|
68.8 (65.6–71.9) |
62.6 (59.2–65.8) |
29.1 (26.2–32.2) |
|
U.S. Census Bureau region¶¶¶
| ||||
| Northeast (Ref) |
201 (16.8)
|
78.1 (70.5–84.5) |
72.4 (64.5–79.5) |
34.1 (27.1–41.6) |
| Midwest |
267 (20.7)
|
55.6 (48.9–62.1)†† |
49.6 (43.0–56.2)†† |
26.2 (20.7–32.3) |
| South |
503 (39.1)
|
60.8 (55.9–65.5)†† |
53.2 (48.3–58.1)†† |
22.2 (18.6–26.3)†† |
| West |
281 (23.4)
|
70.4 (64.2–76.0) |
66.1 (59.7–72.0) |
31.9 (25.9–38.4) |
|
Prenatal insurance coverage****
| ||||
| Private or military insurance only (Ref) |
506 (40.6)
|
76.6 (72.2–80.7) |
73.4 (68.8–77.6) |
32.3 (28.0–36.9) |
| Any public insurance |
698 (55.6)
|
57.4 (53.3–61.4)†† |
49.4 (45.2–53.6)†† |
25.0 (21.6–28.6)†† |
| No insurance |
48 (3.8)
|
—¶¶ |
—¶¶ |
—¶¶ |
|
Provider recommendation for bivalent booster dose††††
| ||||
| Yes (Ref) |
529 (62.7)
|
NA |
NA |
63.2 (58.4–67.8) |
| No |
294 (37.3)
|
NA |
NA |
6.8 (4.0–10.8)†† |
|
Timing of receipt of a bivalent booster dose
| ||||
| Before current pregnancy |
270 (73.3)
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
| During current pregnancy |
96 (24.7)
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
| First trimester |
—§§§§ (9.9)
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Second trimester |
—§§§§ (13.5)
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Third trimester | —§§§§ (1.3) | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: NA = not applicable; Ref = referent group.
* Korn-Graubard 95% CI.
† The total unweighted number and weighted proportion of respondents in the sample.
§ Respondents who reported being pregnant at the time of the survey were included in the analysis. Those who reported receiving ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine before or during their current pregnancy were considered vaccinated.
¶ Respondents who reported being pregnant at the time of the survey were included in the analysis. Those who received ≥2 doses of a 2-dose vaccine series (i.e., Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Novavax, or other brand that requires 2 doses) or 1 dose of a 1-dose vaccine (i.e., Janssen [Johnson & Johnson], which requires 1 dose) were considered to have completed the primary series of COVID-19 vaccine; if a respondent reported being immunocompromised (weakened immune system from solid organ transplant, blood or bone marrow transplant, immune deficiencies, HIV, use of corticosteroids, or use of other immune-weakening medicines), an additional dose of a COVID-19 vaccine was required for completion of primary series (66).
** Respondents who reported being pregnant at the time of the survey were included in the COVID-19 bivalent booster analysis. Respondents were considered to have received a COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccine if they responded “yes” to the following question, “Have you received a bivalent booster vaccine?” which was asked of women who reported receipt of ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.
†† Statistically significant difference compared with Ref.
§§ Race and ethnicity were self-reported. Persons of Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) origin might be of any race but are categorized as Hispanic; all racial groups are non-Hispanic. The “Other” race category included Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and women who selected multiple races.
¶¶ Dashes indicate estimates do not meet the National Center for Health Statistics’ standards of reliability. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_175.pdf
*** Respondents were asked about their current work and volunteer activities. Those who reported being a health care worker working directly or not working directly with patients, frontline essential worker (not in health care), essential worker (not in health care and not frontline), or nonessential worker or volunteer were considered to be working. Respondents who indicated that they were not currently working or volunteering were considered to be not working.
††† Poverty status was defined on the basis of the reported number of persons living in the household and annual household income, according to U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html
§§§ Rurality was defined using zip codes where >50% of the population lives in a nonmetropolitan county, a rural U.S. Census Bureau tract, or both, according to the Health Resources and Services Administration’s definition. https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/about-us/what-is-rural
¶¶¶ https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf
**** Respondents pregnant on their survey date were asked what medical insurance or medical care coverage they had; respondents who had already delivered were asked what coverage they had during their most recent pregnancy. Women considered to have public insurance selected at least one of the following: Medicaid, Medicare, state-sponsored medical plan, or other government plan. Respondents considered to have private or military insurance selected private medical insurance or military medical care and did not select any type of public insurance.
†††† Respondents were asked the question, “An updated COVID-19 booster vaccine became available in September 2022 that is known as a ‘bivalent’ booster. It can better protect against the more recent Omicron subvariants as well as the original COVID-19 virus. Has a doctor, nurse, or other health professional ever recommended that you get a COVID-19 bivalent booster?”
§§§§ Suppressed to avoid risk of disclosure.