Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline
| Glucose-tolerant control subjects | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 128) | (n = 132) | (n = 139) | |
| Age (years) | 43 ± 14 | 37 ± 11a | 52 ± 9b,c |
| Sex (male/female) | 87/41 | 72/60 | 95/44 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.4 | 25.0 ± 4.3a | 30.5 ± 5.1b,c |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 88 ± 12 | 132 ± 28a | 129 ± 32b |
| C-peptide (ng/dL) | 1.65 ± 0.85 | 1.07 ± 1.06a | 3.14 ± 1.23b,c |
| HbA1c (NGSP, %) | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.9a | 6.3 ± 0.8b,c |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 33 ± 3 | 47 ± 10a | 46 ± 9b,c |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193 ± 39 | 184 ± 39a | 196 ± 43c |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120 ± 36 | 110 ± 32a | 126 ± 36c |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62 ± 18 | 63 ± 16 | 46 ± 12b,c |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 97 ± 46 | 84 ± 34 | 140 ± 62b,c |
| FFA (µmol/L) | 506 ± 215 | 650 ± 276a | 626 ± 250b |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.15 ± 0.24 | 0.19 ± 0.24 | 0.30 ± 0.30b,c |
| ADIPO-IR (a.u.) | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 1.0a | 9.0 ± 0.9b,c |
| VO2max (mL ∗ min−1) | 2,447 ± 781 | 2,183 ± 658a | 2,000 ± 537b,c |
| RQbasal (a.u.) | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.07 |
| RQclamp (a.u.) | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06a | 0.91 ± 0.07b,c |
| REEbasal (kcal/day) | 1,660 ± 290 | 1,651 ± 245 | 1,836 ± 293b,c |
| REE clamp (kcal/day) | 1,937 ± 326 | 1,785 ± 279a | 1,918 ± 298c |
Data are shown as absolute numbers or mean ± SD, as appropriate. P values are based on ANOVA. Blood sampling was done in overnight fasted state participants. a.u., arbitrary units. RQbasal, RQ in fasting conditions; RQclamp, RQ during clamp; REEbasal, REEin fasting conditions; REEclamp, REE during clamp.
a
P < 0.05 type 1 diabetes vs. control subjects.
b
P < 0.05 type 2 diabetes vs. control subjects.
c
P < 0.05 type 1 diabetes vs. type 2 diabetes.