Table 1.
Clinical characteristics
| Overall | No CVE | CVE | Groupwise comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 662 | 568 | 94 | |
| Age (years) | 54.6 (12.7) | 53.6 (12.9) | 60.7 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 32.7 (15.9) | 31.3 (15.8) | 41.3 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Female | 296 (45%) | 264 (47%) | 32 (34%) | 0.038 |
| Smoking | 137 (21%) | 116 (20%) | 21 (22%) | 0.774 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 (5.8) | 25.4 (6.0) | 25.7 (4.2) | 0.519 |
| Previous CVD | 139 (21%) | 85 (15%) | 54 (57%) | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy: no/mild-moderate nonproliferative/proliferative | 140 (21%)/275 (42%)/120 (18%) | 133 (23%)/246 (43%)/98 (17%) | 7 (7%)/29 (31%)/22 (23%) | <0.001 |
| UAER (mg/24 h) | 17 [8–65] | 14 [8–52] | 48 [20–219] | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 64.3 (12.7) | 63.8 (12.6) | 67.7 (12.5) | 0.006 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 (1.2) | 8.0 (1.2) | 8.3 (1.1) | 0.006 |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L) | 8.5 (0.9) | 8.5 (0.8) | 8.2 (1.0) | 0.012 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 (0.9) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.8 (1.0) | 0.193 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.089 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.9) | 0.138 |
| VLDL (mmol/L) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.03 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.13 (0.66) | 1.09 (0.58) | 1.35 (1.01) | 0.015 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 81.53 (25.51) | 83.95 (24.69) | 67.00 (25.68) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 3.41 (7.02) | 3.36 (7.20) | 3.70 (5.83) | 0.616 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 (17) | 131 (17) | 137 (19) | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 (9) | 75 (9) | 73 (10) | 0.089 |
| Below albuminuria/moderately increased/severely increased (<30/30–299/≥300 mg/g) | 308 (47%)/165 (25%)/189 (29%) | 290 (51%)/133 (23%)/145 (26%) | 18 (19%)/32 (34%)/44 (47%) | <0.001 |
| RAAS treatment* | 445 (67%) | 358 (63%) | 87 (93%) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 475 (72%) | 382 (67%) | 93 (99%) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker treatment | 85 (13%) | 58 (10%) | 27 (29%) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker treatment | 202 (31%) | 155 (27%) | 47 (50%) | <0.001 |
| Insulin pump user | 57 (9%) | 52 (9%) | 5 (5%) | 0.303 |
| Daily insulin dose (IU) | 48.7 (35.0) | 48.8 (36.2) | 47.9 (26.3) | 0.781 |
| Statin treatment | 397 (60%) | 321 (57%) | 76 (81%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin or clopidogrel treatment | 349 (53%) | 273 (48%) | 76 (81%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic treatment | 334 (51%) | 260 (46%) | 74 (79%) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide treatment | 186 (28%) | 159 (28%) | 27 (29%) | 0.982 |
| Loop diuretic treatment | 149 (23%) | 105 (19%) | 44 (47%) | <0.001 |
| MRA treatment | 28 (4%) | 17 (3%) | 11 (12%) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean (SD), or median [IQR]. Groupwise comparisons between the two treatments were tested using a Welch two-sample t test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RAAS, Renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
*
Spironolactone that blocks aldosterone is given separately.