Table 1.
Results of the individual ALE analyses.
| ALE analysis | N | #Experiments | #Foci | Cluster | Volume (mm3) | Brain region | X | Y | Z | ALE value | Z score | Studies contributing to cluster |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All studies | 3162 | 45 | 272 | 2 |
1072 904 |
L ACC R ACC L hippocampus |
− 6 2 − 30 |
36 38 − 26 |
8 10 − 10 |
0.0180 0.0167 0.0236 |
3.99 3.78 4.76 |
Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Radhakrishnan, 2020; Thomason, 2015 Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020; Radhakrishnan, 2020; van der Werff, 2013a; van der Werff, 2013b |
| Resting-state | 1725 | 25 | 164 | 1 | 960 | L/R ACC | 2 | 38 | 10 | 0.0163 | 4.16 | Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Radhakrishnan, 2020; Thomason, 2015 |
| Task-based | 1601 | 22 | 109 | 1 | 672 | L hippocampus | − 30 | − 26 | − 10 | 0.0204 | 4.92 | Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020 |
| Emotion processing | 1569 | 21 | 98 | 2 |
704 488 |
L hippocampus L ACC |
− 30 − 2 |
− 26 42 |
− 10 − 16 |
0.0204 0.0125 |
4.97 3.69 |
Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020 Fonzo, 2013; Hanford, 2019; Maier 2020; Peverill, 2019 |
| Decrease in connectivity | 2175 | 30 | 131 | 1 | 1344 |
R ACC L ACC |
2 − 6 |
42 38 |
14 6 |
0.0146 0.0138 |
3.87 3.76 |
Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Radhakrishnan, 2020; Thomason, 2015; Wolf, 2016 |
| Increase in connectivity | 2065 | 32 | 142 | – | ||||||||
| Right hemisphere | 2099 | 31 | 151 | 2 |
832 784 |
L hippocampus L ACC R ACC |
− 32 − 6 2 |
− 24 36 42 |
− 8 8 14 |
0.0214 0.0174 0.0140 |
4.93 4.34 3.74 |
Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020; Radhakrishnan, 2020; van der Werff, 2013a; van der Werff, 2013b Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Radhakrishnan, 2020; Thomason, 2015 |
| Left hemisphere | 2592 | 35 | 135 | – | ||||||||
| Adults | 1683 | 21 | 171 | 1 | 808 | L hippocampus | − 30 | − 26 | − 10 | 0.023 | 5.11 | Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020; van der Werff, 2013a; van der Werff, 2013b |
| Children | 1479 | 24 | 101 | 1 | 1136 | L ACC | − 6 | 34 | 8 | 0.0155 | 4.18 | Cisler, 2017; Lee, 2015; Radhakrishnan et al., 2020; Thomason et al., 2015 |
| Healthy | 2207 | 29 | 197 | 2 |
776 752 |
L ACC L hippocampus |
− 6 − 2 − 30 |
36 38 − 26 |
8 10 − 10 |
0.0174 0.0153 0.0209 |
4.12 3.76 4.65 |
Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Radhakrishnan, 2020; Thomason, 2015 Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020 |
| Patients | 955 | 16* | 75 | Not enough studies available | ||||||||
| Social ELAs | 2527 | 33 | 229 | – | ||||||||
| Social ELAs, adults | 1642 | 20 | 168 | 1 | 824 | L hippocampus | − 30 | − 26 | − 8 | 0.0231 | 5.09 | Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020; van der Werff, 2013a; van der Werff, 2013b |
| Social ELAs, children | 723 | 14* | 60 | Not enough studies available | ||||||||
| Social ELAs, decrease | 1669 | 21 | 112 | 1 | 1216 | L/R ACC | 2 | 42 | 14 | 0.0142 | 3.9 | Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Thomason, 2015 |
| Social ELAs, increase | 1511 | 22 | 116 | – | ||||||||
| Social ELAs, right hemisphere | 1517 | 21 | 131 | – | ||||||||
| Social ELAs, left hemisphere | 1911 | 23 | 139 | – | ||||||||
| Socioeconomic ELAs | 381 | 6* | 17 | Not enough studies available | ||||||||
| Postnatal ELAs | 2946 | 40 | 250 | – | ||||||||
| Postnatal ELAs, decrease | 2063 | 27 | 127 | 1 | 1368 | L/R ACC | 2 | 42 | 14 | 0.0146 | 3.89 | Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Thomason, 2015, Wolf, 2016 |
| Postnatal ELAs, increase | 1807 | 28 | 126 | – | ||||||||
| Postnatal ELAs, right amygdala | 1982 | 29 | 186 | – | ||||||||
| Postnatal ELAs, rest | 1509 | 20 | 142 | – | ||||||||
| Postnatal ELAs, emotion | 1437 | 20 | 97 | 2 | 704 |
L hippocampus L ACC |
− 30 − 2 |
− 26 42 |
− 10 − 16 |
0.0204 0.0125 |
4.99 3.7 |
Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020 Fonzo, 2013; Hanford, 2019; Maier 2020; Peverill, 2019 |
| Postnatal ELAs, adults | 1683 | 21 | 171 | 1 | 808 | L hippocampus | − 30 | − 26 | − 10 | 0.023 | 5.11 | Holz, 2015; Jedd, 2015; Maier 2020; van der Werff, 2013a; van der Werff, 2013b |
| Postnatal ELAs, children | 1263 | 19 | 79 | – | ||||||||
| Prenatal ELAs | 335 | 6* | 22 | Not enough studies available | ||||||||
| Retrospective assessment | 2061 | 31 | 216 | 1 | 752 | L ACC | 2 | 42 | 14 | 0.0146 | 3.62 | Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Thomason, 2015 |
| Prospective assessment | 1101 | 14* | 56 | Not enough studies available | ||||||||
| Subjective self-report by participants | 1861 | 26 | 208 | 1 | 800 | L ACC | 2 | 42 | 14 | 0.0146 | 3.66 | Cisler, 2017; Fan, 2014; Kraynak, 2020; Lee, 2015; Thomason, 2015 |
| Objective assessment | 1101 | 13* | 56 | Not enough studies available | ||||||||
L = left, R = right; X, Y, Z coordinates in MNI152 space. ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; ALE, activation likelihood estimation; ELAs, early life adversities.
*These analyses could not be performed due to an insufficient number of experiments based on current CBMA guidelines (≥ 17 experiments)34–36.