Table 2.
Characteristics of all included studies.
| Article | Sample | ELA | fMRI | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author, year | N | Mean age (years) | Sex (%m) | Disorder | Time | Subtype (assessment) | Type | Assessment type | Paradigm | Contrast | Space | Hemi-sphere | # of foci |
| Barch, 2016 | 105 | 9.9 | 49 | Healthy | Postnatal | Poverty (IN-ratio) | Continuous | Objective/prospective | Resting-state | Talairach | Both | 7 | |
| Birn, 2014 | 27 | 26.6 | 100.0 | 17 PTSD | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | Talairach | Both | 6 | |
| Buchweitz, 2019 | 40 | 11.5 | 60.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Interpersonal violence (JVQ-R2) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective (last year) | Social cognition | Mental state > sex | MNI | Both | 1 |
| Cancel, 2017 | 46 | 32.6 | 67.4 | 21 SCZ | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative vs positive | MNI | ns** | 4 |
| Cisler, 2017 | 56 | 14.9 | 0.0 | 10 PTSD | Postnatal | Assault/maltreatment (NSA/CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 1 | |
| Colich, 2017 | 98 | 11.4 | 43.1 | Healthy | Postnatal | Traumatic stress (TESI-C) | Continuous | Objective/retrospective | Emotion processing | Labeling vs matching | MNI | Both | 1 |
| Dark, 2020 | 233 | 19.6 | 56.7 | Healthy | Postnatal | Violence exposure (HPVE measure) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/prospective | Resting-state | Talairach | Left | 1 | |
| Dean, 2014 | 15 | 38.4 | 53.3 | 15 addiction | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 12 | |
| Dégeilh, 2020 | 28 | 10.6 | 39.3 | Healthy | Postnatal | SES (income-to-needs ratio) | Continuous | Objective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 3 | |
| Duque-Alarcon, 2019 | 33 | 32.2 | 0.0 | 18 BPD | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Right | 1 | |
| Fan, 2014 | 18 | 27.8 | 100.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Right | 24 | |
| Fan, 2015 | 32 | 28.2 | 100.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Stress processing | Stress > control | MNI | Both | 11 |
| Fonzo, 2013 | 33 | 39.3 | 0.0 | 33 PTSD | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative > shape | Talairach | Left | 3 |
| Fortenbaugh, 2017 | 66 | 32.3 | 93.9 | 35 PTSD | Postnatal | Trauma (TLEQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Continuous performance | MNI | Both | 2 | |
| Gard, 2020 | 77 | 20.0 | 100.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Neighborhood disadvantage (US Census/questionnaire) | Continuous | Objective/prospective | Emotion processing | Neutral vs baseline | MNI | Both | 2 |
| Gee, 2013 | 89 | 11.6 | 51.7 | Healthy | Postnatal | Institutionalization | Categorical | Objective/retrospective | Emotion processing | Emotion vs shape | Talairach | Right | 1 |
| Grewen, 2015 | 63 | 213.62* | 46.0 | Healthy | Prenatal | Drug exposure (TLFB/urine screen) | Categorical | Objective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 1 | |
| Hanford, 2019 | 47 | 13.9 | 55.3 | Healthy | Postnatal | Stressful life events (SLES questionnaire) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective (last year) | Emotion processing | Emotion vs shape | MNI | Both | 3 |
| Hanson, 2019 | 87 | 15.2 | 56.5 | Healthy | Postnatal | SES (household family income) | Continuous | Objective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 3 | |
| Herringa, 2013 | 64 | 18.8 | 53.1 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | Talairach | Both | 4 | |
| Herringa, 2016 | 132 | 18.6 | 47.7 | 38 IND, 12 EXD | Postnatal | Family adversity | Continuous | Subjective (caregiver)/prospective | Emotion processing | Positive vs neutral | MNI | Right | 1 |
| Holz, 2015 | 153 | 25.0 | 43.1 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative > neutral | MNI | Left | 45 |
| Javanbakht, 2015 | 52 | 23.7 | 53.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | SES (income-to-needs ratio) | Continuous | Objective/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative > positive | MNI | Left | 1 |
| Jedd, 2015 | 71 | 30.1 | 47.9 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (records/MMCI) | Categorical | Objective/prospective | Emotion processing | Emotion > shape | MNI | Both | 10 |
| Kaiser, 2018 | 70 | 26.4 | 0.0 | 36 MDD, 15 CM | Postnatal | Threat-related early life stress (TAC interview) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 2 | |
| Keding, 2016 | 53 | 14.3 | 32.2 | 25 PTSD | Postnatal | Trauma (KSADS) | Continuous | Subjective (self and caregiver)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Positive > shape | MNI | Right | 2 |
| Kopala-Sibley, 2020 | 62 | 10.3 | 54.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maternal hostility (TTB) | Continuous | Objective/prospective | Emotion processing | Negative vs neutral | MNI | Both | 3 |
| Krause-Utz, 2014 | 37 | 28.6 | 0.0 | 20 BPD | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ/PSDS) | Categorical | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Right | 3 | |
| Kraynak, 2019 | 303 | 40.3 | 40.3 | Healthy | Postnatal | Physical abuse (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 1 | |
| La Buissonniere-Ariza, 2019 | 84 | 14.0 | 14.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Harsh parenting (NLSCY/PACOTIS) | Categorical | Subjective (caregiver)/prospective | Fear processing | CS + > CS- | MNI | Left | 4 |
| Lee, 2015 | 31 | 16.1 | 100.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Verbal abuse (VAS) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative > neutral | MNI | Right | 2 |
| Li, 2019 | 41 | 16.6 | 51.2 | Healthy | Prenatal | Cocaine exposure (self-report/urine screen) | Categorical | Subjective and objective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 1 | |
| Maier, 2020 | 50 | 24.5 | 48.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Stress vs sport | MNI | Right | 3 |
| Pagliaccio, 2015 | 120 | 11.2 | 51.7 | 54 ANX, 40 MDD, 41 EXD | Postnatal | Stress/trauma events (PAPA/CAPA) | Continuous | Subjective (self and caregiver)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 1 | |
| Park, 2018 | 79 | 6.1 | 49.4 | Healthy | Postnatal | Stressful life events (LES-C) | Continuous | Subjective (caregiver)/retrospective (last year) | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 1 | |
| Peverill, 2019 | 57 | 16.9 | 38.6 | Healthy | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CECA/CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative > neutral | MNI | Left | 2 |
| Posner, 2016 | 64 | 40.6* | 42.2 | Healthy | Prenatal | Maternal depression (CES-D/HRSD) | Categorical | Objective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 2 | |
| Quidé, 2020 | 109 | 39.8 | 43.1 | 40 SCZ, 35 BD | Postnatal | Maltreatment (CTQ) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Emotion > shape | MNI | Right | 2 |
| Radhakrishnan, 2020 | 22 | 30.1* | 36.4 | Healthy | Prenatal | Opioid exposure (records/questionnaire) | Categorical | Objective and subjective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 16 | |
| Salzwedel, 2015 | 119 | 306.3* | 50.7 | Healthy | Prenatal | Drug exposure (TLFB/urine toxicology) | Categorical | Objective and subjective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 1 | |
| Scheinost, 2016 | 26 | 263.6* | 53.8 | Healthy | Prenatal | Maternal depression/anxiety | Categorical | Objective/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 1 | |
| Silvers, 2016 | 89 | 12.1 | 38.2 | Healthy | Postnatal | Institutionalization | Categorical | Objective/retrospective | Fear processing | CS + > CS- | MNI | Both | 4 |
| Thomason, 2015 | 42 | 12.6 | 32.0 | Healthy | Postnatal | Trauma (TACSC-C) | Categorical | Subjective (self and caregiver)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 36 | |
| Turesky, 2019 | 32 | 77.8* | 53.1 | Healthy | Postnatal | Poverty (IN-ratio) | Categorical | Objective and subjective/prospective | Resting-state | MNI | Both | 1 | |
| van der Werff, 2013 | 88 | 38.3 | 27.3 | 32 MDD, 16 ANX, 24 CM | Postnatal | Maltreatment (NEMESIS interview) | Categorical | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Right | 12 | |
| van der Werff, 2013 | 33 | 40.2 | 47.7 | 3 MDD, 3 ANX, 5 CM | Postnatal | Maltreatment (NEMESIS interview) | Categorical | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | MNI | Left | 19 | |
| van Rooij, 2020 | 69 | 10.8 | 47.8 | 11 PTSD | Postnatal | Trauma (TESI)/violence exposure (VEX-R) | Continuous | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Emotional response inhibition | Negative nogo vs neutral Go | MNI | Left | 1 |
| Wolf, 2016 | 48 | 14.2 | 39.6 | 24 PTSD | Postnatal | Trauma (KSADS) | Categorical | Subjective (self and caregiver)/retrospective | Emotion processing | Negative > shape | MNI | Left | 2 |
| Zielinski, 2018 | 61 | 21.3 | 0.0 |
20 PTSD, 17 ANX, 12 MDD |
Postnatal | Violence exposure (NSA/NWS) | Categorical | Subjective (self)/retrospective | Resting-state | Talairach | Left | 1 | |
*Age reported in days, **ns = not specified (also not upon contacting authors).
ANX, anxiety; BD, bipolar disorder; BPD, borderline personality disorder; CECA, childhood experience of care and abuse; CES-D, center for epidemiologic studies depression; CM, comorbid MDD and anxiety; CTQ, childhood trauma questionnaire; EXD, externalizing disorder; HPVE, healthy passages violence exposure; HRSD, Hamilton rating scale for depression; IND, internalizing disorder; JVQ-(R2), juvenile victimization questionnaire (2nd revision); KSADS, kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia; LES-C, life enjoyment and satisfaction for children; MDD, major depressive disorder; MCMI, millon clinical multiaxial inventory; NEMESIS, Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study; NLSCY, national longitudinal survey of children and youth; NSA, negative symptom assessment; NWS, PACOTIS, parental hostile-reactive behavior scale; PAPA/CAPA, preschool age psychiatric assessment /child and adolescent psychiatric assessment; PSDS, Pittsburgh service delivery study; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SCZ, schizophrenia; SES, social-economic status; SLES, stressful life events screening; TAC, trauma awareness center; TACSC-C, trauma assessment center screen checklist for children; TESI-C, traumatic events screening inventory for children; TLEQ, traumatic life events questionnaire; TLFB, timeline followback; TTB, teaching tasks battery; VAS, verbal abuse scale; VEX-R, violence exposure scale—revised.