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. 2023 Sep 1;55(9):1955–1973. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01071-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Enzymes and pathways involved in plasmalogen metabolism: TMEM86A has lysoplasmalogenase activity in adipocytes. Inhibiting the activity of TMEM86A leads to an increase in lysoplasmalogen and plasmalogen. LPE P-18:0, a lysoplasmalogen species, suppresses PDE3B activity, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. Increased levels of intracellular cAMP activate the PKA signaling pathway and induce lipolysis by phosphorylating HSL accompanied by enhanced thermogenesis. Enzymes and pathways involved in ceramide biosynthesis: Genetic abrogation of Sptlc2 and Ormdl3 regulates ceramide biosynthesis. Ceramides alleviate GLUT4 translocation via inhibition of AKT signaling, attenuate CD36 translocation, and suppress the activity of HSL, leading to impaired glucose tolerance, fatty acid uptake, and thermogenesis.