Table 1.

What is known and what is not yet know about barriers to cycling.

Barriers to cycling
What is known	What is not yet known	What is needed to fill evidence gap
Key barriers to cycling include:
• Local environment ○ Lack of cycle route/paths ○ Hills ○ Distance to travel ○ Weather • Facilities ○ Lack of secure cycle parking ○ Lack of showers at work (after effortful cycling) • Individual factors ○ Perceived lack of safety ○ Perceived attitude of other road users ○ Convenience of using car ○ Lack of skills ○ Lack of confidence ○ Cost ○ Lack of time due to family, work and social commitments ○ Lack of interest in cycling as a ‘sport’	•Which of the identified barriers to cycling are amenable to change? •Which interventions to reduce barriers are feasible/acceptable/effective? •What are specific barriers to cycling for older adults and how might these be overcome? •What are specific barriers to cycling for different disabilities, and how might these be overcome? •What are specific barriers to cycling for different BAME groups and how might there be overcome? •What are specific barriers to recreational cycling, and how might they be overcome?	•Systematic reviews of the available evidence on barriers to cycling in older adults, specific disabilities and specific BAME groups •Cross-sectional studies on barriers to cycling in these groups •Cross-sectional studies focusing specifically on barriers to recreational cycling •Qualitative studies to examine attitudes and experiences of barriers to overcoming cycling in different population groups and different contexts (e.g. high cycling infrastructure vs. low cycling infrastructure, rural vs. urban, high socioeconomic status vs. low socioeconomic status) •Development and testing of interventions to overcome identified barriers in different populations groups and different contexts.