Table 1.
Reports in the literature of pregnancies after testosterone (T) therapy.
| Author, year | # Pregnancies after T (self-carried) | # Pregnancies after T (partner/surrogate carried) | # Live births reported after T (self or partner/surrogate carried) | Relevant details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light et al., 2014 | 25 | – | 25 | Cross-sectional survey of transgender men who were pregnant and delivered. Prior T use in 25 individuals, of whom 21/25 used their own oocyte to conceive. No statistical difference seen for pregnancy, delivery, or birth outcomes based on prior T use. |
| Ellis et al., 2015 | 6 | – | 6 | Qualitative study of conception, pregnancy, and birth. Screened for pregnancies not resulting in loss. Prior T in six of eight male-identified or gender-variant gestational parents. |
| Broughton and Omurtag, 2017 | – | 1 | – | Case reports, including one transgender man with IVF and ongoing pregnancy (partner-carried) after prior T. |
| Light et al., 2018 | 11 | – | 6 | Survey study with a focus on family planning and contraception. Of the 11 pregnancies reported with prior T, 5 ended in abortion. |
| Adeleye et al., 2019 | 1 | 2 | 1 | Chart review of ovarian stimulation in transgender men, including seven with prior T. Of three pregnancies after prior T, one spontaneous abortion in transgender man, one pregnancy with uncomplicated delivery (partner-carried), and one ongoing pregnancy (partner-carried). |
| Hahn et al., 2019 | 1 | – | 1 | Case report about providing perinatal care to one transgender man who had a few months of prior T before conception. |
| Leung et al., 2019 | 3 | 7 | 7 | A retrospective cohort study of transmasculine assisted reproductive outcomes. Includes embryo transfers leading to pregnancy and birth for seven transmasculine individuals (six with prior T, all included in this table as individual without T not identified). Two transmasculine individuals self-carried (one carried two pregnancies with one ongoing). Partner carried seven pregnancies for five transmasculine individuals (includes one pregnancy loss and one ongoing pregnancy). |
| Stroumsa et al., 2019 | 1 | – | – | A case report of a transgender man with prior T use who came to the emergency department lacking awareness of his pregnancy. He was not urgently triaged, but then found to be in labor with cord prolapse and ultimately delivered a stillborn baby. |
| Amir et al., 2020 | – | 1 | – | Retrospective cohort study of ovarian stimulation outcomes including six transgender men with prior T. One pregnancy using oocytes from a transgender man with 11 years of prior T carried by surrogate (ongoing). |
| de Sousa Resende et al., 2020 | – | 1 | – | A case report of one transgender man with 2 years of prior T and IVF leading to an ongoing pregnancy (partner-carrying). |
| Falck et al., 2020 | 8 | – | 8 | Qualitative study of 12 transmasculine individuals who had given birth, including eight with prior T. |
| Fischer, 2021 | 2 | – | 2 | Qualitative interviews about non-binary reproduction, including one transmasculine/non-binary person on T for about 6 months prior who had two children while off T. |
| Greenwald et al., 2021 | – | 1 | 1 | A case report of IVF from a transgender man with a 10-year history of T use who remained on T during ovarian stimulation. Pregnancy carried by partner. |
| Moseson et al., 2021 | 15 | – | – | Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people surveyed regarding pregnancy intentions and outcomes. Prior T in 12 individuals who reported 15 self-carried pregnancies. Of these 15 pregnancies, 4 occurred while on T with outcomes of 2 miscarriages, 1 abortion, and 1 unknown. Birth outcomes for other pregnancies with prior T not specifically reported. |
| Yaish et al., 2021 | 6 | 1 | 7 | Study including both a prospective pilot and a cross-sectional study looking at functional ovarian reserve with T. Includes reports of seven children born after prior T, including one carried by a surrogate and six carried by three transgender men (one carried four pregnancies). |
| Yoshida et al., 2022 | 1 | – | 1 | Case report, one transgender man with prior T, unplanned conception due to delay in accessing T, resumed T until aware of pregnancy, was too late for abortion and gave birth. |
| Israeli et al., 2022 | – | 4 | 3 | Retrospective comparison of in vitro fertilization outcomes including seven transgender men with prior T, four pregnancies carried by surrogates, two births (singleton and twins), and two ongoing pregnancies. |
| Moravek et al., 2023 | – | 1 | 1 | Two case reports, includes one transmasculine person who remained on T during ovarian stimulation and partner-carried pregnancy resulted in uncomplicated live birth. |