Table 2.

Comparative case series for assisted reproductive outcomes with prior testosterone (T) exposure.

Author, year	# patients with previous T	Duration on T	Duration off T	Comparison groups	Differences in transgender men with prior T	Fertilization, pregnancy, birth with prior T
Adeleye et al., 2019	7	Median 46 months	1–13 months (median 6 months)	Transgender men without prior T and cisgender controls.	Peak estradiol and total oocytes retrieved lower. Oocyte maturity rate comparable.	One live birth and one ongoing pregnancy carried by partners, spontaneous abortion transgender man.
Leung et al., 2019	16	3 months to 17 years (mean 44 months)	1–12 months (mean 4 months)	Matched cisgender controls.	Required higher gonadotropin doses. No detectable differences in number of oocytes retrieved, mature oocyte percentage, or peak estradiol.	Fresh and frozen transfers in seven couples (two self-carried, five partner-carried) with live birth reported for all seven (some required multiple transfers).
Amir et al., 2020	6	14–144 months (mean 77 months)	5–21 months (mean 9.3 months)	Transgender men without prior T and fertile cisgender controls.	No detectable differences in number of oocytes retrieved, oocyte maturity rates, or peak estradiol.	One ongoing surrogate-carried pregnancy. Five individuals preserved embryos and all had good quality embryos.
Israeli et al., 2022	7	14–156 months (mean 99.7 months)	4–10 months (mean 6.5 months)	Cisgender women who completed in vitro fertilization for social fertility preservation (n = 10) or for infertility (n = 24, 4/24 mechanical factor infertility, 20/24 unexplained infertility)	No detectable differences in mean FSH stimulation days or peak estradiol. Amount of FSH used and oocytes retrieved higher for transgender men when compared to cisgender controls undergoing IVF for infertility but comparable for social fertility preservation.	No detectable differences in fertilization rate or mean morphokinetic and morphological scores between transgender men and both groups of cisgender controls. No detectable differences in number of cryopreserved embryos or distribution of embryo age at cryopreservation between transgender men and social fertility preservation cisgender controls. Four pregnancies carried by surrogates, two births (singleton and twins) and two ongoing pregnancies.