Table 2. Baseline and Outcome Functional Assessment Measures for Total Sample and by ASD Status.
| Standard scores | Diagnostic group, mean (SD) score | Statistical analysisa | Effect size, Cohen d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 213) | Nonpersistent ASD (n = 79) | Persistent ASD (n = 134) | |||
| Baseline clinical measures at 12-36 mo of age | |||||
| Cognitiveb | 81.67 (14.03) | 85.99 (11.39) | 79.11 (14.84) | t = 3.785 | 0.50 |
| Bayley-III Languagec | 65.49 (16.02) | 70.91 (16.47) | 62.25 (14.90) | t = 3.533 | 0.56 |
| Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales composited | 73.52 (10.20) | 77.81 (9.77) | 71.04 (9.64) | t = 4.587 | 0.70 |
| Research-administered outcome measures at 5-7 y of age | |||||
| Cognitivee | 89.83 (26.42) | 105.22 (12.73) | 80.76 (28.18) | t = 8.657 | 1.12 |
| Score <70 | 46 | 0 | 46 | χ2 = 34.589 | 0.88 |
| Score >70 | 167 | 79 | 88 | ||
| Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales | |||||
| Composite | 82.39 (18.34) | 94.68 (12.08) | 75.14 (17.55) | t = 9.597 | 1.24 |
| Communication | 82.27 (22.46) | 95.39 (12.55) | 74.53 (23.43) | t = 8.454 | 1.03 |
| Daily living skills | 82.78 (15.85) | 92.73 (12.50) | 76.92 (14.68) | t = 8.015 | 1.14 |
| Socialization | 85.52 (20.85) | 99.66 (10.40) | 77.18 (20.98) | t = 10.418 | 1.26 |
| Motorf | 87.11 (12.23) | 94.53 (8.84) | 82.71 (11.84) | t = 8.270 | 1.09 |
| PLS-5 standard scores | |||||
| Total languageg | 91.05 (24.35) | 108.33 (12.20) | 80.71 (23.97) | t = 11.059 | 1.36 |
| Auditory comprehensionh | 89.60 (22.40) | 105.09 (11.26) | 80.33 (22.31) | t = 10.678 | 1.31 |
| Expressive communication | 91.55 (25.12) | 108.80 (12.37) | 81.23 (25.18) | t = 10.617 | 1.29 |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; Bayley-III, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition; PLS-5, Preschool Language Scales–Fifth Edition.
P < .001 for all.
Two hundred eleven children completed Bayley-III Cognitive and 1 completed Differential Ability Scales (DAS) general cognitive ability at baseline clinical assessment; 1 was missing this variable.
Data were missing for 42 children.
Data were missing for 27 children.
One hundred ninety-seven children completed the DAS; for the 16 who completed Bayley-III, a developmental quotient was calculated as proxy for cognitive score. For cognitive scores at outcome, both mean (SD) and scores dichotomized to less than 70 vs 70 or greater are presented.
Data were missing for 1 child.
Data were missing for 3 children.
Data were missing for 2 children.