Table 3.

Immune-related genes, which are up- or down-regulated in PBMC by at least five viral infections.

Gene	Immune function 1	CMVpr *	CMVpos	EBV_a	EBV_l	HBV	HCV	HTLV_1	HIV	Dengue_DHF	Dengue_DF	SARS	COVID19	COVID19_ICU	COVID19_Sev	COVID19_Mod
Up-regulated genes
CD38	NAD+ glycohydrolase, a marker for immune cell activation	↑*		↑*	↓*				↑	↑	↑		↑*	↑*	↑*	↑*
CXCL10	Proinflammatory cytokine, involved in processes of chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation of immune cells	↑*		↑*			↑			↑	↑		↑*	↓*		↑*
LY6E	Surface protein that regulates T lymphocytes proliferation, differentiation and activation				↓*	↑					↑		↑*		↑*	↑*
SEC14L1	Protein that inhibits the antiviral RIG-I signaling pathway					↑*		↑		↑	↑	↑		↑*
SECTM1	A ligand for CD7, costimulatory receptor for T cell proliferation, expressed by neutrophils and monocytes	↓*		↑	↑*	↑*	↑*								↑*
SIGLEC1	Macrophage-restricted adhesion molecule that mediates sialic-acid dependent binding to various immune cells				↑*		↑*		↑		↑		↑*		↑*	↑*
Down-regulated genes
CCR7	Receptor that activates B and T lymphocytes, controls the migration of memory T cells to inflamed tissues, stimulates dendritic cell maturation	↓*		↓					↓	↓	↓	↓	↑*	↓*	↓*
CD83	Receptor that involved in the regulation of antigen presentation	↓*		↓						↓	↓		↓*	↓	↓*
CD96	Potentially plays a role in the adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response	↑*				↓				↓	↓	↓		↓*
CXCR5	Chemokine receptor that involved in B-cell migration into B cell follicles of spleen and Peyer patches			↓*				↓			↓	↓*		↓*	↓
FCMR	Fc receptor for IgM that protects immune cells from apoptosis			↓*					↓		↓	↓		↓*
GPR183	Chemotactic receptor for B cells, T cells, splenic dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages and astrocytes	↓*		↓*						↓	↓	↓		↓	↓*
IL13RA1	The subunit of receptor for interleukin 13 that down-regulates macrophage activity, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and promotes IgE isotype switching of B cells	↓*		↓	↓*					↓		↑	↓*			↓*
IL1B	Pro-inflammatory cytokine that is the major endogenous pyrogen. Induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T cell activation and cytokine production, B cell activation and antibody production			↓	↓*	↑	↓*	↓			↓		↓*	↓	↓*
IL7R	The subunit of receptor for interleukin 7, which is essential for lymphocyte development and survival	↓*		↓				↓	↓			↓	↑*	↓*	↓*
LST1	Membrane protein that can inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes	↓*		↓				↓		↓			↓*
LTB	Cytokine that forms complex with lymphotoxin-alpha and activates lymphotoxin-beta receptor. Associated with inflammatory response and apoptosis			↓*	↓*				↓	↓	↓	↓*	↓*	↓
MALT1	A caspase-like protease that triggers NF-kappa B signaling and lymphocyte activation following antigen-receptor stimulation	↓*		↓	↓*	↓*						↓
S1PR1	Receptor that modulates immune cells migration			↓*				↑			↓	↓	↑*	↓*	↓*
TESPA1	Potentially participates in the positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway	↓*		↓	↓*			↓	↓					↓*	↓*
TNFRSF25	Receptor that stimulates NF-kappa B activity and regulates cell apoptosis, plays a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis			↓					↓	↓	↓	↓*		↓*	↓*
TREM1	Receptor, which amplifies neutrophil and monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses by stimulating release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as increased surface expression of cell activation markers	↓*		↓*	↓*		↓*			↓		↑	↓*			↓
TSC22D3	Protects T cells from IL2 deprivation-induced apoptosis. In macrophages, plays a role in the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids and IL10	↓*		↓*		↑*							↓*	↓*	↓*

¹Immune function is a brief description of the gene function in immune cells derived from Uniprot database (https://www.uniprot.org).

Asterisk (*) means that the gene is associated with adjusted p-value less than 0.05.

Symbols ↑ and ↓ mean that the gene is up- or down-regulated, correspondingly.