Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
| Variables | Total | Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 9,721) | (n = 1,927) | (n = 4,965) | (n = 2,829) | ||
| Age, years | 61.8 ± 18.7 | 63.8 ± 20.0* | 60.7 ± 19.2 | 62.5 ± 16.9* | < 0.001 |
| Female sex | 3, 544 (36.5%) | 731 (37.9%) | 1878 (37.8%) | 935 (33.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 3.4 | 16.7 ± 1.4* | 20.8 ± 1.2 | 25.3 ± 2.2* | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status | 0.019 | ||||
| Never or ex-smoker | 7, 571 (77.9) | 1480 (76.8%) | 3836 (77.3%) | 2255 (79.7%) | |
| Current smoker | 2, 150 (22.1) | 447 (23.2%) | 1129 (22.7%) | 574 (20.3%)* | |
| Drinking status | < 0.001 | ||||
| None or social drinker | 8, 926 (91.8) | 1718 (89.2%) | 4542 (91.5%) | 2666 (94.2%) | |
| Heavy drinker | 795 (8.2) | 209 (10.8%)* | 423 (8.5%) | 163 (5.8%)* | |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Presence of any disease | 5, 939 (61.1) | 1,171 (60.8%) | 2,880 (58.0%) | 1,888 (66.7%)* | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2, 117 (21.8) | 352 (18.3%) | 1,013 (20.4%) | 752 (26.6%)* | < 0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 576 (5.9) | 120 (6.2%) | 271 (5.5%) | 185 (6.5%) | 0.125 |
| Chronic heart disease | 570 (5.9) | 92 (4.8%) | 257 (5.2%) | 221 (7.8%)* | < 0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 256 (2.6) | 51 (2.6%) | 132 (2.7%) | 73 (2.6%) | 0.978 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 325 (3.3) | 64 (3.3%) | 157 (3.2%) | 104 (3.7%) | 0.478 |
| Chronic neurologic disease | 963 (9.9) | 257 (13.3%)* | 498 (10.0%) | 208 (7.4%)* | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy | 879 (9.0) | 202 (10.5%)* | 426 (8.6%) | 251 (8.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Autoimmune disease | 102 (1.0) | 23 (1.2%) | 50 (1.0%) | 29 (1.0%) | 0.784 |
| Gastrectomy | 98 (1.0) | 35 (1.8%)* | 49 (1.0%) | 14 (0.5%)* | < 0.001 |
| Initial presenting symptoms | |||||
| Yes | 6, 284 (64.6) | 1,434 (74.4%) | 3,159 (63.6%) | 1,691 (59.8%)* | < 0.001 |
| No | 3, 434 (35.3) | 493 (25.6%) | 1,804 (36.3%) | 1,137 (40.2%) | |
| Sputum microbiological tests | |||||
| AFB smear positivity | 2, 548 (26.2%) | 695 (36.1%)* | 1,288 (25.9%) | 565 (20.0%)* | < 0.001 |
| NAAT positivity | 3, 989 (41.0%) | 928 (48.2%)* | 2,036 (41.0%) | 1,025 (36.2%)* | < 0.001 |
| AFB culture positivity | 5, 173 (53.2%) | 1,120 (58.1%)* | 2,639 (53.2%) | 1,414 (50.0%)* | < 0.001 |
| Chest radiograph findings | |||||
| Cavitation | 1, 523 (15.7%) | 427 (22.2%)* | 738 (14.9%) | 358 (12.7%)* | < 0.001 |
| Bilateral infiltrations | 2, 999 (30.9%) | 801 (41.6%)* | 1,506 (30.3%) | 692 (24.5%)* | < 0.001 |
| DST result | |||||
| INH-resistance | 522 (5.4%) | 113 (5.9%) | 260 (5.2%) | 149 (5.3%) | 0.560 |
| RIF-resistance | 151 (1.5%) | 35 (1.8%) | 84 (1.7%) | 32 (1.1%) | 0.091 |
| Mortality | |||||
| All cause death | 1, 101 (11.3%) | 371 (19.3%)* | 498 (10.0%) | 232 (8.2%)* | < 0.001 |
| TB-related death | 244 (2.5%) | 95 (4.9%)* | 107 (2.2%) | 42 (1.5%)* | < 0.001 |
| Non-TB-related death | 837 (8.6%) | 265 (13.8%)* | 394 (7.7%) | 188 (6.6%) | < 0.001 |
TB, tuberculosis; AFB, acid-fast bacilli; NAAT, nucleic acid amplification test; DST, drug susceptibility test; INH, isoniazid; RIF, rifampicin.
*
Indicates a statistically significant difference. Standard BMI categories for the Asian population is used to define underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), and overweight (≥23.0 kg/m2).