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. 2023 Oct 3;6:0247. doi: 10.34133/research.0247

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

PLMDs induced autophagy and ER stress in human and murine PCa cell lines. CLSM images demonstrating the effects of saline, PLMDs (12.5 μM), RT (6 Gy), or PLMDs plus RT on autophagy biomarker, P62/SQSTM1 expression in (A) PC3, (B) DU145, and (C) TRAMP-C2 cells under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Images were captured 24 h post-treatment. Scale bars, 10 μm. (D) Immunofluorescence staining of P62/SQSTM1 in TRAMP-C2 tumors at day 2 post IV, treatment with saline, PLMDs, RT, or PLMDs plus RT. Scale bars, 200 μm. (E and F) Immunoblots of autophagy-related biomarker, LC3-I and LC3-II, and ER stress biomarker, CHOP, respectively in PC3, TRAMP-C2, and DU145 cells and the quantification relative to β-actin standard. Hypoxic PC3, DU145, and TRAMP-C2 cells were treated as mentioned above, and cell lysates were collected at 4 and 24 h post-treatment. Results are the means and SD of 3 independent experiments. P < 0.05 (*), P < 0.005 (**), P < 0.0005 (***), and P < 0.0001 (****).