Table 2.
Dietary intakes across tertiles of total, plant, and animal protein intake (n = 264).
| Variable | Total protein | p | Plant protein | p | Animal protein | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 88) | T2 (n = 87) | T3 (n = 89) | T1 (n = 88) | T2 (n = 89) | T3 (n = 87) | T1 (n = 88) | T2 (n = 89) | T3 (n = 87) | ||||
| Food Groups | ||||||||||||
| Grains | 297 ± 215.74 | 336.04 ± 177.08 | 375 ± 225.61 | <0.001 | 240 ± 206.45 | 317 ± 169.74 | 453 ± 214.36 | <0.001 | 350 ± 196.98 | 345 ± 179.17 | 313 ± 205.04 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | 188 ± 168.84 | 241 ± 139.8 | 376 ± 178.62 | <0.001 | 192 ± 168.84 | 274 ± 141.45 | 342 ± 177.08 | <0.001 | 321 ± 159.46 | 273 ± 141.45 | 214 ± 158.44 | <0.001 |
| Fruits | 288 ± 262.64 | 376 ± 214.36 | 388 ± 272.61 | 0.05 | 315 ± 253.26 | 377 ± 216.89 | 359 ± 270.28 | <0.001 | 395 ± 234.5 | 362 ± 217.45 | 294 ± 242.32 | <0.001 |
| Legumes | 27 ± 37.52 | 36 ± 27.96 | 63 ± 37.61 | <0.001 | 27 ± 28.14 | 37 ± 28.29 | 62 ± 37.28 | <0.001 | 35 ± 28.14 | 40 ± 28.29 | 51 ± 27.96 | 0.28 |
| Nuts and Seeds | 4 ± 9.38 | 4 ± 9.38 | 7 ± 9.38 | <0.001 | 4 ± 9.38 | 3 ± 9.43 | 8 ± 9.32 | 0.01 | 5 ± 9.38 | 5 ± 9.43 | 5 ± 9.32 | <0.001 |
| Red and Processed Meat | 22 ± 46.9 | 29 ± 37.28 | 42 ± 47 | 0.08 | 38 ± 46.9 | 35 ± 37.72 | 21 ± 46.6 | <0.001 | 18 ± 37.52 | 25 ± 37.72 | 51 ± 46.78 | <0.001 |
| Poultry | 11 ± 28.14 | 18 ± 27.96 | 45 ± 28.29 | <0.001 | 26.06 ± 28.14 | 29 ± 28.29 | 20 ± 37.28 | <0.001 | 10 ± 28.14 | 18 ± 28.29 | 46 ± 27.96 | <0.001 |
| Fish | 2 ± 9.38 | 3 ± 9.32 | 10.7 ± 9.43 | 0.01 | 6 ± 9.38 | 5 ± 9.43 | 4 ± 9.32 | <0.001 | 3 ± 9.38 | 3 ± 9.43 | 9 ± 9.32 | 0.01 |
| Eggs | 21 ± 18.76 | 18 ± 18.64 | 24 ± 18.86 | <0.001 | 28 ± 18.76 | 19 ± 18.86 | 16 ± 18.64 | 0.01 | 16 ± 18.76 | 20 ± 18.86 | 27.05 ± 18.64 | 0.03 |
| Dairy Products | 151 ± 178.22 | 235 ± 149.21 | 322 ± 188.6 | <0.001 | 233 ± 178.22 | 246 ± 150.88 | 229 ± 196.09 | <0.001 | 136 ± 150.08 | 221.07 ± 132.02 | 353 ± 149.12 | <0.001 |
| Nutrients | ||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1064.30 ± 296.94 | 1701.73 ± 392.37 | 2,720 ± 101.30 | <0.001 | 1096.18 ± 357.32 | 1699.77 ± 410.18 | 2713.20 ± 1022.95 | <0.001 | 1220.05 ± 454.51 | 1729.98 ± 595.41 | 2,557 ± 1099.08 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 256 ± 65.66 | 280 ± 55.92 | 286 ± 66.01 | 0.02 | 238 ± 56.28 | 269 ± 47.15 | 316 ± 65.24 | <0.001 | 281 ± 56.58 | 278 ± 56.28 | 263 ± 66 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 41 ± 28.29 | 58 ± 18.64 | 75 ± 28.14 | <0.001 | 78 ± 28.14 | 60 ± 18.68 | 36 ± 27.96 | <0.001 | 53 ± 27.96 | 57.04 ± 28.38 | 64 ± 28.14 | 0.04 |
| SFA (g/d) | 17 ± 0.09 | 19 ± 0.09 | 20 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 21 ± 0.09 | 19 ± 0.09 | 16 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 17 ± 0.09 | 18 ± 0.09 | 20 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 171 ± 121.94 | 183 ± 93.2 | 251 ± 122.59 | <0.001 | 231 ± 112.56 | 202 ± 94.3 | 174 ± 121.16 | 0.03 | 147 ± 103.93 | 188 ± 94.55 | 273 ± 102.52 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 3,260 ± 1842.4 | 3,263 ± 1453.92 | 3,397 ± 1857.71 | <0.001 | 2,981 ± 1688.4 | 3,123 ± 1433.36 | 3,826 ± 1789.44 | 0.01 | 3,089 ± 1640.32 | 3,383 ± 1442.79 | 3,447 ± 1594.6 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mg/d) | 2,843 ± 1369.48 | 3,493 ± 1137.04 | 4,856 ± 1442.79 | <0.001 | 2,859 ± 1360.1 | 3,607 ± 1150.46 | 4,755 ± 1435.28 | <0.001 | 3,281 ± 1360.1 | 3,748 ± 1235.33 | 4,185 ± 1407.32 | 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/d) | 869 ± 290.78 | 1,122 ± 242.32 | 1,539 ± 311.19 | <0.001 | 988.06 ± 337.68 | 1,177 ± 282.9 | 1,372 ± 363.946 | <0.001 | 951 ± 281.4 | 1,146 ± 264.22 | 1,441 ± 298.24 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 743 ± 543.94 | 1,082 ± 438.04 | 1,562 ± 556.37 | <0.001 | 832 ± 544.04 | 1,072 ± 452.64 | 1,494 ± 568.52 | <0.001 | 874 ± 515.9 | 1,162 ± 462.07 | 1,359 ± 531.24 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/d) | 1 ± 0.45 | 1 ± 0.38 | 1 ± 0.48 | <0.001 | 1 ± 0.43 | 1 ± 0.35 | 1 ± 0.45 | <0.001 | 1 ± 0.44 | 2 ± 0.39 | 3 ± 0.45 | 0.04 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/d) | 1 ± 0.58 | 1 ± 0.48 | 2 ± 0.52 | <0.001 | 1 ± 0.63 | 1 ± 0.53 | 1 ± 0.67 | <0.001 | 1 ± 0.55 | 1 ± 0.49 | 2.02 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg/d) | 13 ± 0.09 | 16 ± 0.09 | 24 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 14 ± 0.09 | 18 ± 0.09 | 21 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 15 ± 0.09 | 17 ± 0.09 | 21 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1 ± 0.45 | 1 ± 0.38 | 2 ± 0.48 | <0.001 | 1 ± 0.53 | 1 ± 0.43 | 2.07 ± 0.54 | <0.001 | 1 ± 0.46 | 1 ± 0.42 | 2.07 ± 0.48 | <0.001 |
| Folic Acid (mg/d) | 265 ± 140.7 | 328 ± 121.16 | 448 ± 150.88 | <0.001 | 235 ± 131.94 | 328 ± 92.52 | 482 ± 122.02 | <0.001 | 317 ± 140.7 | 358 ± 122.59 | 368 ± 139.8 | 0.049 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 2 | 2 | 4 | <0.001 | 3 | 3 | 2 | <0.001 | 1 | 2 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 142 ± 84.42 | 142 ± 74.56 | 147 ± 94.3 | <0.001 | 131 ± 84.42 | 148 ± 66.01 | 157 ± 93.2 | <0.001 | 153 ± 75.04 | 148 ± 66.01 | 135 ± 83.88 | <0.001 |
p-values were calculated using ANCOVA test adjusted for energy intake. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Variables are presented as the means ± standard deviations. SFA, saturated fatty acid.