Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population according to the status of obesity and LLM defined by different ALM indexes
| Characteristics | Method A (ALM/height2) | Method B (ALM/weight) | Method C (ALM/BMI) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n = 177) |
Obesity (n = 731) |
LLM (n = 97) |
LLM with obesity (n = 100) |
P-value | Normal (n = 274) |
Obesity (n = 702) |
LLM (n = 0) |
LLM with obesity (n = 129) |
P-value | Normal (n = 248) |
Obesity (n = 560) |
LLM (n = 26) |
LLM with obesity (n = 271) |
P-value | |
| Age, mean, years | 69.2 (0.8) | 69.4 (0.3) | 72.4 (0.9) | 72.6 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 70.4 (0.6) | 69.6 (0.3) | N/A | 70.5 (0.6) | 0.357 | 70.3 (0.7) | 69.2 (0.3) | 71.7 (1.7) | 71.5 (0.5) | 0.004 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||||||||||
| Female | 39.8 (3.8) | 56.0 (1.8) | 67.7 (5.9) | 64.5 (5.6) | 50.1 (3.2) | 61.9 (1.8) | N/A | 30.2 (5.7) | 52.2 (3.3) | 60.4 (1.8) | 22.1 (11.0) | 47.4 (4.1) | |||
| Male | 60.2 (3.8) | 44.0 (1.8) | 32.3 (5.9) | 35.5 (5.6) | 49.9 (3.2) | 38.1 (1.8) | N/A | 69.8 (5.7) | 47.8 (3.3) | 39.6 (1.8) | 77.9 (11.0) | 52.6 (4.1) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | 0.010 | 0.156 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 82.8 (2.7) | 83.7 (1.9) | 82.4 (5.1) | 85.4 (4.8) | 82.6 (2.7) | 82.8 (2.0) | N/A | 89.9 (2.7) | 84.2 (2.5) | 84.0 (2.1) | 62.0 (13.3) | 83.5 (3.1) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.9 (2.1) | 7.0 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.3) | 0.4 (0.4) | 7.9 (1.4) | 6.9 (1.1) | N/A | 2.0 (0.7) | 8.4 (1.5) | 7.8 (1.3) | 2.5 (2.5) | 1.5 (0.7) | |||
| Mexican American | 2.1 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | 3.3 (1.2) | 2.2 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.8) | N/A | 3.4 (1.0) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.5) | 6.8 (3.2) | 6.6 (1.7) | |||
| Othera | 4.2 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.5) | 12.4 (4.5) | 10.9 (4.1) | 7.2 (2.2) | 7.1 (1.6) | N/A | 4.7 (2.3) | 5.6 (1.9) | 6.1 (1.6) | 28.7 (12.8) | 8.4 (2.4) | |||
| Educational level | 0.193 | 0.154 | 0.007 | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 11.2 (2.6) | 12.3 (1.7) | 14.1 (3.8) | 11.2 (3.9) | 12.3 (2.2) | 12.1 (1.8) | N/A | 12.4 (3.1) | 12.0 (2.3) | 10.1 (1.7) | 16.7 (7.6) | 17.9 (3.3) | |||
| High school | 33.8 (5.1) | 46.2 (2.2) | 40.6 (5.8) | 52.5 (7.0) | 36.3 (3.9) | 46.8 (2.4) | N/A | 48.5 (5.7) | 36.6 (3.8) | 45.3 (2.6) | 32.1 (13.5) | 52.0 (3.9) | |||
| College or higher | 54.9 (5.2) | 41.5 (2.4) | 45.3 (6.5) | 36.3 (5.7) | 51.4 (3.9) | 41.2 (2.4) | N/A | 39.1 (5.5) | 51.4 (3.8) | 44.5 (2.7) | 51.3 (16.1) | 30.1 (3.5) | |||
| Family income-to-poverty ratio | 0.386 | 0.030 | 0.103 | ||||||||||||
| <1.30 | 16.2 (4.2) | 19.1 (1.8) | 21.0 (5.6) | 15.2 (5.1) | 18.0 (3.5) | 18.6 (1.9) | N/A | 19.1 (3.2) | 17.8 (3.7) | 16.6 (1.9) | 19.7 (9.7) | 24.7 (3.7) | |||
| 1.30–3.49 | 36.6 (4.8) | 44.5 (2.6) | 38.1 (5.6) | 51.4 (5.1) | 37.2 (3.1) | 43.7 (2.5) | N/A | 54.4 (4.7) | 37.1 (3.4) | 44.9 (2.7) | 38.5 (16.5) | 46.8 (3.7) | |||
| ≥3.50 | 47.2 (6.3) | 36.4 (2.7) | 40.9 (7.3) | 33.4 (4.8) | 44.9 (4.0) | 37.7 (2.9) | N/A | 26.4 (3.5) | 45.1 (4.7) | 38.6 (3.0) | 41.8 (16.3) | 28.5 (3.8) | |||
| Smoking status | 0.242 | 0.344 | 0.690 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 46.1 (4.9) | 47.8 (2.3) | 56.0 (6.0) | 46.4 (5.5) | 49.7 (4.3) | 49.0 (2.6) | N/A | 40.2 (5.5) | 50.1 (4.6) | 47.3 (2.6) | 44.2 (17.0) | 48.7 (4.5) | |||
| Former | 38.2 (4.7) | 43.7 (2.4) | 36.5 (6.5) | 40.4 (6.5) | 37.6 (4.4) | 42.3 (2.9) | N/A | 48.3 (5.6) | 36.8 (4.6) | 43.9 (2.9) | 48.0 (14.6) | 41.3 (4.9) | |||
| Current | 15.7 (3.9) | 8.5 (1.3) | 7.5 (2.7) | 13.2 (4.2) | 12.7 (2.8) | 8.7 (1.3) | N/A | 11.5 (3.4) | 13.0 (3.1) | 8.8 (1.5) | 7.7 (4.9) | 10.0 (2.2) | |||
| Alcohol intakeb | 0.616 | 0.801 | 0.083 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 79.0 (4.3) | 74.5 (1.9) | 75.3 (5.4) | 66.4 (5.9) | 77.6 (3.7) | 73.1 (1.9) | N/A | 75.6 (4.1) | 78.5 (3.9) | 70.8 (2.5) | 65.3 (11.1) | 81.2 (3.0) | |||
| Moderate | 13.8 (3.8) | 14.0 (1.5) | 12.3 (3.8) | 20.2 (4.6) | 13.2 (3.0) | 15.2 (1.7) | N/A | 12.7 (3.4) | 12.2 (3.1) | 15.1 (2.0) | 27.3 (9.9) | 13.8 (2.7) | |||
| Heavy | 7.2 (2.6) | 11.5 (1.8) | 12.4 (4.1) | 13.4 (4.5) | 9.1 (2.4) | 11.7 (1.8) | N/A | 11.8 (3.4) | 9.3 (2.5) | 14.0 (2.2) | 7.4 (7.2) | 5.0 (1.6) | |||
| Physical activity, MET-min/week | 0.336 | 0.664 | 0.423 | ||||||||||||
| Low | 51.5 (4.8) | 57.6 (2.1) | 63.2 (5.9) | 66.9 (5.8) | 55.8 (4.3) | 58.4 (2.1) | N/A | 61.3 (5.8) | 53.9 (4.6) | 57.9 (2.6) | 81.6 (10.6) | 61.6 (3.6) | |||
| Medium | 21.7 (3.1) | 18.3 (1.9) | 13.2 (3.8) | 17.2 (5.0) | 18.6 (2.6) | 17.8 (1.9) | N/A | 20.4 (5.0) | 19.7 (2.6) | 18.3 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.2) | 17.8 (2.5) | |||
| High | 26.8 (3.6) | 24.1 (1.9) | 23.6 (5.2) | 15.8 (4.5) | 25.6 (3.1) | 23.9 (1.8) | N/A | 18.3 (3.1) | 26.4 (3.5) | 23.9 (2.1) | 15.1 (10.3) | 20.6 (3.7) | |||
| Total protein intake, mean, g/day | 76.8 (3.0) | 69.8 (1.3) | 68.5 (3.0) | 60.9 (2.8) | 0.004 | 73.7 (2.4) | 68.8 (1.4) | N/A | 68.2 (2.9) | 0.214 | 73.6 (2.7) | 70.2 (1.6) | 75.8 (5.1) | 64.3 (2.1) | 0.017 |
| Diabetes mellitus | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| No | 90.3 (2.7) | 75.8 (1.7) | 87.4 (3.1) | 86.5 (4.3) | 89.2 (2.0) | 78.8 (1.5) | N/A | 68.1 (5.4) | 88.7 (2.2) | 78.2 (1.8) | 96.1 (2.8) | 74.2 (3.3) | |||
| Yes | 9.7 (2.7) | 24.2 (1.7) | 12.6 (3.1) | 13.5 (4.3) | 10.8 (2.0) | 21.2 (1.5) | N/A | 31.9 (5.4) | 11.3 (2.2) | 21.8 (1.8) | 3.9 (2.8) | 25.8 (3.3) | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.141 | 0.163 | 0.044 | ||||||||||||
| No | 72.3 (3.6) | 78.8 (1.7) | 70.8 (5.6) | 69.8 (6.2) | 71.7 (3.0) | 78.2 (1.8) | N/A | 74.8 (4.3) | 72.0 (3.2) | 80.3 (1.9) | 68.7 (12.1) | 70.0 (4.5) | |||
| Yes | 27.7 (3.6) | 21.2 (1.7) | 29.2 (5.6) | 30.2 (6.2) | 28.3 (3.0) | 21.8 (1.8) | N/A | 25.2 (4.3) | 28.0 (3.2) | 19.7 (1.9) | 31.3 (12.1) | 30.0 (4.5) | |||
| Cognitive problem | 0.001 | 0.030 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| No | 94.8 (1.6) | 93.3 (1.0) | 83.5 (4.9) | 82.7 (5.1) | 90.7 (2.3) | 93.3 (1.2) | N/A | 84.3 (4.3) | 90.5 (2.4) | 95.0 (1.2) | 93.1 (5.0) | 83.1 (3.2) | |||
| Yes | 5.2 (1.6) | 6.7 (1.0) | 16.5 (4.9) | 17.3 (5.1) | 9.3 (2.3) | 6.7 (1.2) | N/A | 15.7 (4.3) | 9.5 (2.4) | 5.0 (1.2) | 6.9 (5.0) | 16.9 (3.2) | |||
| Arthritis | 0.404 | 0.364 | 0.533 | ||||||||||||
| No | 59.4 (4.8) | 51.8 (2.4) | 54.6 (5.8) | 56.8 (5.4) | 57.6 (3.4) | 52.0 (2.7) | N/A | 54.8 (4.7) | 57.4 (3.4) | 52.2 (2.8) | 61.1 (9.9) | 53.1 (4.2) | |||
| Yes | 40.6 (4.8) | 48.2 (2.4) | 45.4 (5.8) | 43.2 (5.4) | 42.4 (3.4) | 48.0 (2.7) | N/A | 45.2 (4.7) | 42.6 (3.4) | 47.8 (2.8) | 38.9 (9.9) | 46.9 (4.2) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.017 | ||||||||||||
| No | 16.9 (3.0) | 9.1 (1.4) | 15.8 (4.0) | 16.0 (4.4) | 16.5 (2.4) | 10.0 (1.4) | N/A | 9.7 (2.6) | 17.3 (2.4) | 10.4 (1.5) | 5.6 (3.6) | 8.8 (2.0) | |||
| Yes | 83.1 (3.0) | 90.9 (1.4) | 84.2 (4.0) | 84.0 (4.4) | 83.5 (2.4) | 90.0 (1.4) | N/A | 90.3 (2.6) | 82.7 (2.4) | 89.6 (1.5) | 94.4 (3.6) | 91.2 (2.0) | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| No | 82.8 (4.1) | 39.5 (2.2) | 84.9 (3.9) | 63.5 (4.9) | 83.6 (3.1) | 43.6 (2.3) | N/A | 36.9 (5.0) | 84.7 (3.2) | 43.4 (2.5) | 67.9 (12.3) | 40.2 (4.6) | |||
| Yes | 17.2 (4.1) | 60.5 (2.2) | 15.1 (3.9) | 36.5 (4.9) | 16.4 (3.1) | 56.4 (2.3) | N/A | 63.1 (5.0) | 15.3 (3.2) | 56.6 (2.5) | 32.1 (12.3) | 59.8 (4.6) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.795 | 0.060 | 0.090 | ||||||||||||
| No | 69.4 (3.7) | 73.5 (1.7) | 72.3 (5.7) | 73.5 (5.8) | 70.4 (3.5) | 75.1 (1.6) | N/A | 64.8 (5.1) | 70.7 (3.6) | 75.8 (1.9) | 67.6 (10.8) | 66.7 (3.9) | |||
| Yes | 30.6 (3.7) | 26.5 (1.7) | 27.7 (5.7) | 26.5 (5.8) | 29.6 (3.5) | 24.9 (1.6) | N/A | 35.2 (5.1) | 29.3 (3.6) | 24.2 (1.9) | 32.4 (10.8) | 33.3 (3.9) | |||
Abbreviations: ALM, appendicular lean mass; BMI, body mass index; LLM, low lean mass; MET, metabolic equivalent
Data are presented as weighted mean (SE) for continuous variables or % (SE) for categorical variables
a Other includes other Hispanic, and other race (including multiracial)
b Nondrinker: 0 g/d; moderate drinker: 0.1–27.9 g/d in males and 0.1–13.9 g/d in females; and heavy drinker: ≥28 g/d in males and ≥ 14 g/d in females