Table 5.
Psychological wellness, diabetes distress, medication adherence and self-management, and biometrics at baseline and end-of-treatment (n = 6–10).
| Baseline (mean, SD) | Post-treatment (mean, SD) | Change (SD)* | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 10 | n = 6–7 | n = 6–7 | ||
| Psychological wellness (SF-12) ( higher scores mean better health/functioning) | ||||
| Physical health (PCS-12) | 36.6 (12.4) | 31.6 (14.3) | −4.9 (8.0) | 0.19 |
| Mental health (MCS-12) | 42.6 (14.1) | 40.0 (13.3) | −4.2 (11.3) | 0.41 |
| Psychological wellness (MHI-5) (higher scores mean more wellness) | 36 (26) | 43 (28) | 11 (26) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes distress (PAID-5) (higher scores indicate more diabetes distress) | 9.9 (7.0) | 7.5 (6.7) | −1.5 (7.8) | 0.66 |
| Diabetes medication adherence (ARMS-D) (higher scores mean worse adherence) | 16.2 (3.0) | 16.8 (3.8) | 1.2 (3.5) | 0.46 |
| Medication taking subscale | 9.4 (2.3) | 10.0 (2.2) | 0.3 (2.0) | 0.70 |
| Medication refill subscale | 6.8 (2.4) | 7.0 (1.7) | 0.8 (1.8) | 0.32 |
| All medication adherence (ASK-12) (higher scores mean more barriers to adherence) | 33.8 (6.3) | 35.0 (5.1) | 1.3 (4.2) | 0.43 |
| Health beliefs subscale | 11.5 (2.6) | 12.7 (3.5) | 1.0 (3.0) | 0.39 |
| Inconvenience or forgetfulness subscale | 7.6 (3.2) | 6.8 (2.4) | −0.3 (3.1) | 0.82 |
| Behavior subscale | 14.7 (2.2) | 15.3 (3.9) | 0.6 (3.8) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes self-management (DSMQ) (higher scores mean better self-management) | 21.5 (6.9) | 22.9 (6.1) | 1.2 (3.4) | 0.44 |
| Glucose subscale | 5.7 (2.5) | 5.5 (2.8) | −0.2 (1.8) | 0.78 |
| Diet subscale | 5.2 (2.5) | 4.9 (2.2) | −0.8 (2.0) | 0.35 |
| Physical activity subscale | 3.0 (3.2) | 5.2 (2.0) | 0.9 (3.7) | 0.56 |
| Healthcare use subscale | 2.4 (2.4) | 3.3 (1.9) | 1.3 (1.9) | 0.16 |
| Biometric measures | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.7 (6.9) | 31.9 (4.8) | −2.1 (2.7) | 0.12 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131 (16) | 147 (15) | 14 (13) | 0.04 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81 (11) | 89 (14) | 6 (12) | 0.28 |
*
Change and p-value from paired t-test comparisons included only participants who completed baseline and post-treatment measurements.