. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022 Dec 17;104(5):776–789. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.10.004

Table 3.

Effect estimates from meta-analyses of mind-body interventions in people with LBP for the outcomes pain and disability

Meta-Analysis	Intervention	Effect Estimate	95% CI
Pain – Short Term – Comparator: Non-Exercise
Zhu et al. 2020⁵⁶	Yoga	MD: −0.83 (scale 0–10)	−1.19; −0.48
Miyamoto et al. 2013²²	Pilates	MD: 1.61 (scale 0–10) ^*	1.43; 1.80^*
Wieland et al. 2017²⁵	Yoga	MD: −10.83 (scale: 0–100)	−20.85; −0.81
Yamato et al. 2015⁵⁷	Pilates	MD: −14.05 (scale: 0–100)	−18.9; −9.19
Anheyer et al. 2021²³	Yoga	SMD: −0.37	−0.52; −0.22
Lim et al. 2011²¹	Pilates	SMD: −2.72	−5.33; −0.11
*This Review*	*Pilates*	*SMD: −1.56*	*−2.69; −0.42*

Pain – Short Term – Comparator: Exercise
Miyamoto et al 2013²²	Pilates	MD: 0.12 (scale 0–10) ^*	−0.31; 0.55^*
Zhu et al 2020⁵⁶	Yoga	MD: −0.37 (scale 0–10)	−1.16; 0.42
Lim et al. 2011²¹	Pilates	SMD: 0.03	−0.52; 0.58
Anheyer et al. 2021²³	Yoga	SMD: −0.39	−0.81; 0.03
*This Review*	*Pilates + Yoga*	*SMD: −0.26*	*−0.46; −0.07*

Pain – Long Term
Yamato et al. 2015⁵⁷	Pilates	MD: −10.54 (scale 0–100) ^†	−18.46; −2.62
*This Review*	*Pilates*	*SMD: −0.60*	*−1.43; 0.23*

Disability – Short Term – Comparator: Non-Exercise
Miyamoto et al. 2013²²	Pilates	MD: 5.21 (scale 0–100) ^*	4.33; 6.09^*
Yamato et al. 2015⁵⁷	Pilates	MD: −7.95 (scale 0–100)	−13.23; −2.67
Zhu et al. 2020⁵⁶	Yoga	SMD: −0.30	−0.51; −0.10
Anheyer et al. 2021²³	Yoga	SMD: −0.38	−0.55; −0.21
Wieland et al. 2017²⁵	Yoga	SMD: −0.45	−0.71; −0.19
Lim et al. 2011²¹	Pilates	SMD: −0.74	−1.81; 0.33
*This Review*	*Pilates*	*SMD: −1.15*	*−2.49; 0.18*

Disability – Short Term – Comparator: Exercise
Yamato et al. 2015⁵⁷	Pilates	MD: −3.29 (scale 0–100)	−6.82; 0.24
Wieland et al. 2017²⁵	Yoga	SMD: −0.02	−0.41; 0.37
Zhu et al. 2020⁵⁶	Yoga	SMD −0.33	−0.76; 0.09
Anheyer et al. 2021²³	Yoga	SMD: −0.34	−0.67; −0.01
Lim et al. 2011²¹	Pilates	SMD: −0.41	−0.96, 0.14
*This Review*	*Pilates + Yoga*	*SMD: −0.27*	*−0.59; 0.05*

Disability – Long Term
Yamato et al 2015⁵⁷	Pilates	MD: −11.17 (scale 0–100) ^† MD: −0.91 (scale 0–100) ^‡	−18.41; −3.92 −5.02; 3.20
*This Review*	*Pilates*	*SMD: −1.05*	*−3.51; 1.41*

MD: mean difference; SMD: standardized mean difference; CI: confidence interval

positive values indicates findings favoring mind-body intervention.

^†

effect size compared to non-exercise controls.

^‡

effect size compared to exercise controls.