Table 2.

Included studies (n = 16) by year of publication

Authors	Year published	Study origin	Stigma instrument and measurement	Stigma assessment method	Intervention target	Intervention strategy	Level
Mateu-Gelabert et al. [50]	2014	New York, USA	Keeping It Together 10-item scale	Quantitative	PWID1	Skills building	Individual
Basta, Stambaugh & Fisher [51]	2015	Ohio, USA	Nine Likert scale items adapted from a national AIDS and stigma survey	Quantitative	People living in rural Appalachia, unaware of HIV status or HIV negative	Information	Individual
Go et al. [57]	2017	Vietnam	Experience drug use stigma	Quantitative	HIV-positive men who inject drugs	Information, skills building, and counseling	Individual, interpersonal
Burgess et al. [64]	2018	Australia	Intervention feedback: lack of stigma	Qualitative	Gay men and other men who have sex with other men who use methamphetamine	Skills building and biomedical	Individual, interpersonal
Maskay et al. [52]	2018	6 geographically diverse sites, USA	Six questions on perceived and external HIV stigma adapted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System module	Quantitative	HIV positive persons with previous or current substance use disorders or mental illness	Structural	Individual, organizational
Sugarman et al. [58]	2019	Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam	Reported benefits related to trial participation, including “reduced stigma”	Quantitative	HIV-infected people who use drugs	Biomedical, counseling, and structural	Individual, organizational
Duby et al. [61]	2019	South Africa	Stigma awareness, understanding of experienced stigma	Mixed methods	Healthcare workers	Information, contact and partnership, and structural	Organizational
Tofighi et al. [59]	2019	New York, USA	Intervention feedback: open text	Quantitative	Healthcare workers	Information, contact and partnership, structural	Organizational
Fix et al. [60]	2019	USA	Reported fear/stigma as reason for not HIV testing	Quantitative	Adolescents in juvenile drug court	Information, skills building, and counseling	Individual
Lewis et al. [53]	2020	New York, USA	HIV Stigma Index 2.0 scale	Quantitative	PWUD2	Information and biomedical	Individual
Gichane et al. [62]	2020	South Africa	intervention acceptability and appropriateness	Mixed methods	Women living with HIV and who use alcohol or other drugs	Information, skills building, and biomedical	Individual
Batchelder et al. [54]	2020	USA	HIV Shame Inventory (HARSI); intervention participant feedback	Mixed methods	HIV positive individuals with substance use disorders	Counseling, skills building	Individual
Silvia [63]	2020	USA	Intervention feedback; Change in empathy towards PWUD	Mixed methods	Health care workers	Information	Organizational
Lunze et al. [65]	2021	St. Petersburg, Russia	Experience and anticipated stigma	Qualitative	HIV positive PWID3	Skills building and structural	Individual, Organizational
Broady et al. [56]	2021	Australia	Negative attitudes towards people of their HIV status or IDU with a 5 Likert scale response options ranging from “never” to “always”	Qualitative	General public	Contact and partnership	Interpersonal
Lemons-Lyn et al. [66]	2021	Myanmar	Single question on feeling safe and free from stigma in waiting area	Mixed methods	Health care workers	Information, skills building, and structural	Organizational

¹People who inject drugs

²People who use drugs

³People who inject drugs