Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Features
| All (N=268) | MR ≤2+ (N=211) | MR >2+ (N=57) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 81 (77–85) | 81 (77–85) | 82 (78–87) | 0.192 |
| Sex, female, N (%) | 142 (53.0) | 111 (52.6) | 31 (54.4) | 0.881 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.8±0.2 | 1.8±0.2 | 1.8±0.2 | 0.286 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 90 (33.6) | 72 (34.1) | 18 (31.6) | 0.755 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 257 (95.9) | 203 (96.2) | 54 (94.7) | 0.706 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, N (%) | 228 (85.1) | 182 (86.3) | 46 (80.7) | 0.300 |
| Smoking, N (%) | 19 (10.2) | 17 (11.6) | 2 (5) | 0.374 |
| COPD, N (%) | 91 (34.0) | 75 (35.5) | 16 (28.1) | 0.345 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 57 (43–74) | 57 (43–74) | 56 (41–74) | 0.455 |
| CCS, N (%) | 104 (38.8) | 81 (38.4) | 23 (40.4) | 0.878 |
| Prior MI, N (%) | 51 (19.0) | 44 (20.9) | 7 (12.3) | 0.183 |
| Prior PCI, N (%) | 89 (33.2) | 68 (32.2) | 21 (36.8) | 0.529 |
| Prior CABG, N (%) | 42 (15.7) | 35 (16.6) | 7 (12.3) | 0.540 |
| Prior stroke/TIA, N (%) | 18 (6.7) | 16 (7.6) | 2 (3.5) | 0.379 |
| Peripheral arteriopathy, N (%) | 74 (27.6) | 60 (34.1) | 14 (31.1) | 0.860 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, N (%) | 79 (29.5) | 58 (27.5) | 21 (36.8) | 0.191 |
| Pacemaker, N (%) | 36 (13.4) | 29 (13.7) | 7 (12.3) | >0.99 |
| ICD/CRT‐D, N (%) | 20 (7.5) | 15 (7.1) | 5 (8.8) | 0.776 |
| EuroSCORE II, % | 3.3 (2.0–7.3) | 3.0 (1.9–5.7) | 5.1 (3.1–10.7) | <0.001 |
| NYHA | ||||
| NYHA I, N (%) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| NYHA II, N (%) | 156 (58.2) | 136 (64.5) | 20 (35.1) | |
| NYHA III, N (%) | 93 (34.7) | 62 (29.4) | 31 (54.4) | |
| NYHA IV, N (%) | 18 (6.7) | 12 (5.7) | 6 (10.5) | |
| Baseline echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF, % | 50 (38–55) | 50 (40–55) | 40 (33–55) | 0.006 |
| Average AVG, mm Hg | 32 (26–35) | 32 (26–36) | 31 (25–35) | 0.319 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 | 0.7±0.1 | 0.7±0.1 | 0.7±0.2 | 0.386 |
| Aortic valve area index, cm2/m2 | 0.4±0.1 | 0.4±0.1 | 0.4±0.1 | 0.122 |
| Paradoxical LFLG, N (%) | 155 (57.8) | 130 (61.6) | 25 (43.9) | 0.023 |
| Classical LFLG, N (%) | 113 (42.2) | 81 (38.4) | 32 (56.1) | 0.023 |
| Moderate‐to‐severe AR, N (%) | 22 (8.2) | 18 (8.5) | 4 (7) | >0.99 |
| BAV, N (%) | 6 (2.2) | 5 (2.4) | 1 (1.8) | 1.000 |
| MR 0–1+, N (%) | 123 (45.9) | 123 (58.3) | … | … |
| MR 2+, N (%) | 88 (32.8) | 88 (41.7) | … | … |
| MR 3+, N (%) | 50 (18.7) | … | 50 (87.7) | … |
| MR 4+, N (%) | 7 (2.6) | … | 7 (12.3) | … |
| sPAP, mm Hg | 45 (35–50) | 45 (35–50) | 45 (37–56) | 0.197 |
| Right ventricular dysfunction, N (%) | 50 (22.4) | 31 (17.9) | 19 (38) | 0.004 |
| Procedural features | ||||
| Transfemoral approach, N (%) | 253 (94.4) | 201 (95.3) | 52 (91.2) | 0.325 |
| Pacing, N (%) | 246 (91.8) | 196 (92.9) | 50 (87.7) | 0.273 |
| Predilatation, N (%) | 135 (50.4) | 112 (53.1) | 23 (40.4) | 0.101 |
| Balloon‐expandable prosthesis, N (%) | 37 (13.8) | 22 (10.4) | 15 (26.3) | 0.004 |
| Self‐expandable prosthesis, N (%) | 231 (86.2) | 189 (89.6) | 42 (73.7) | 0.004 |
| Postdilatation, N (%) | 86 (32.1) | 74 (35.2) | 12 (21.1) | 0.054 |
| Contrast dose, mL | 80 (70–100) | 80 (70–100) | 90 (80–100) | 0.566 |
| Prosthesis size, mm | ||||
| 23 | 22 (8.2) | 14 (6.6) | 8 (14) | 0.093 |
| 25 | 28 (10.4) | 22 (10.4) | 6 (10.5) | |
| 26 | 53 (19.8) | 39 (18.5) | 14 (24.6) | |
| 27 | 49 (18.3) | 41 (19.4) | 8 (14.0) | |
| 29 | 102 (38.1) | 86 (40.8) | 16 (28.2) | |
| 31 | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (1.8) | |
| 34 | 13 (4.9) | 9 (4.3) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Predischarge echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF, % | 51 (40–55) | 55 (40–55) | 49 (35–55) | 0.032 |
| Average AVG, mm Hg | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 0.749 |
| Residual moderate‐to‐severe AR, N (%) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0.216 |
| sPAP, mm Hg | 40 (35–50) | 40 (35–47) | 45 (35–55) | 0.175 |
Continuous normally distributed variables are expressed as mean±SD. Categorical variables are expressed as N (%). Continuous non‐normally distributed variables are expressed as median (interquartile range). AR indicates aortic regurgitation; AVG, aortic valve gradient; BAV, bicuspid aortic valve; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CCS, chronic coronary syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy‐defibrillator; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EuroSCORE II, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; ICD, Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; LFLG, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; and TIA, transient ischemic attack.