Table 3.
Prevalence of Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors and Cardiometabolic Diseases by Demographic Variables and Social Risk Factors*
| Characteristics | Prevalence, % (95% CI)† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors‡ | Number of cardiometabolic diseases§ | 30‐Year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease|| | |||||
| 0 | 1 | ≥2 | 0 | 1 | ≥2 | ||
| Total | 20.1 (18.0–22.1) | 33.4 (31.8–34.9) | 45.2 (43.0–47.5) | 39.7 (37.3–42.1) | 32.2 (30.6–33.8) | 22.0 (20.4–23.5) | 14.2 (13.6–14.8) |
| Age group, y | |||||||
| 18–24 | 17.8 (14.8–20.9) | 35.0 (32.1–37.9) | 45.2 (41.3–49.2) | 48.8 (44.5–53.1) | 33.7 (29.9–37.5) | 13.5 (10.7–16.3) | 3.9 (3.7–4.1) |
| 25–29 | 22.3 (18.5–26.2) | 33.6 (29.6–37.5) | 43.4 (39.3–47.5) | 43.0 (37.3–48.8) | 33.4 (28.7–38.2) | 17.5 (13.9–21.1) | 8.2 (7.7–8.6) |
| 30–34 | 22.0 (18.4–25.6) | 31.7 (28.4–34.9) | 45.3 (41.1–49.5) | 39.1 (35.1–43.2) | 30.9 (26.4–35.4) | 23.9 (20.9–26.9) | 13.5 (12.8–14.2) |
| 35–39 | 20.8 (16.8–24.8) | 31.5 (28.1–35.0) | 45.8 (41.5–50.2) | 34.2 (29.2–39.2) | 31.1 (26.0–36.3) | 27.1 (23.2–31.0) | 20.4 (19.3–21.4) |
| 40–44 | 18.3 (14.7–21.9) | 34.4 (30.3–38.4) | 46.4 (42.0–50.8) | 29.4 (25.2–33.6) | 31.2 (26.4–36.1) | 32.2 (27.7–36.7) | 28.6 (27.4–29.9) |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 18.4 (16.0–20.8) | 33.5 (31.0–35.9) | 47.2 (44.5–50.0) | 41.1 (37.9–44.3) | 30.7 (28.2–33.2) | 21.0 (18.9–23.1) | 16.8 (16.2–17.4) |
| Female | 22.0 (19.4–24.5) | 33.1 (31.3–34.9) | 43.1 (40.1–46.1) | 38.8 (35.9–41.7) | 33.9 (31.4–36.3) | 22.8 (20.7–24.8) | 10.4 (10.0–10.9) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||
| Non‐Hispanic Asian | 30.7 (25.3–36.1) | 35.2 (31.0–39.5) | 32.3 (27.6–37.0) | 46.1 (41.0–51.1) | 28.5 (23.3–33.7) | 20.9 (16.9–25.0) | 11.0 (10.4–11.6) |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 12.2 (10.0–14.4) | 30.1 (27.3–32.9) | 56.4 (53.1–59.8) | 42.1 (38.2–45.9) | 30.8 (27.2–34.3) | 21.5 (18.5–24.5) | 15.8 (15.2–16.5) |
| Hispanic | 17.8 (15.2–20.3) | 37.4 (34.5–40.3) | 43.4 (40.1–46.7) | 33.6 (30.1–37.1) | 34.8 (31.9–37.6) | 27.1 (24.1–30.2) | 13.6 (13.1–14.1) |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 21.7 (18.8–24.5) | 32.8 (30.2–35.3) | 44.4 (40.9–47.8) | 41.5 (37.9–45.0) | 31.9 (29.4–34.4) | 20.1 (17.8–22.4) | 13.5 (12.9–14.1) |
| Other# | 17.6 (11.3–23.9) | 29.6 (23.5–35.6) | 51.5 (44.7–58.3) | 37.9 (28.5–47.3) | 32.7 (24.4–41.1) | 22.7 (15.3–30.0) | 14.7 (13.0–16.4) |
| Education level | |||||||
| Less than high school | 9.7 (7.7–11.7) | 25.8 (22.0–29.6) | 62.0 (57.3–66.8) | 32.7 (28.4–36.9) | 31.2 (27.2–35.3) | 29.2 (25.7–32.8) | 15.4 (14.6–16.1) |
| High school graduate | 12.2 (9.9–14.5) | 27.1 (24.6–29.6) | 60.0 (56.8–63.2) | 38.1 (34.4–41.8) | 32.6 (28.6–36.7) | 22.3 (19.3–25.4) | 15.8 (15.1–16.6) |
| Some college | 16.5 (13.8–19.2) | 34.7 (32.1–37.3) | 47.5 (44.4–50.7) | 38.1 (34.4–41.8) | 31.6 (28.4–34.8) | 24.0 (21.0–26.9) | 14.2 (13.6–14.8) |
| College graduate or higher | 35.3 (31.8–38.8) | 39.3 (36.1–42.6) | 24.5 (21.4–27.6) | 46.5 (41.3–51.6) | 33.5 (29.1–37.8) | 16.1 (13.5–18.8) | 11.4 (10.9–11.9) |
| Family income‐to‐poverty ratio | |||||||
| ≤100% | 11.5 (9.0–13.9) | 28.6 (25.7–31.5) | 58.4 (54.8–62.1) | 32.9 (28.4–37.3) | 34.1 (30.5–37.8) | 26.9 (23.5–30.2) | 15.2 (14.3–16.2) |
| >100%–299% | 16.8 (14.3–19.3) | 31.6 (29.0–34.1) | 50.4 (47.5–53.2) | 37.6 (33.7–41.6) | 30.4 (27.4–33.3) | 25.5 (23.0–28.0) | 14.6 (14.1–15.2) |
| ≥300%–499% | 23.7 (19.4–27.9) | 37.1 (33.5–40.8) | 38.4 (34.0–42.8) | 45.2 (39.6–50.7) | 31.8 (27.1–36.5) | 17.4 (14.0–20.9) | 13.1 (12.5–13.8) |
| ≥500% | 29.9 (26.2–33.6) | 37.4 (34.0–40.9) | 31.4 (27.2–35.6) | 48.4 (40.9–55.9) | 31.7 (25.1–38.3) | 15.4 (11.7–19.2) | 11.6 (11.0–12.2) |
| Food security status** | |||||||
| Secure | 23.9 (21.2–26.5) | 35.4 (33.4–37.4) | 39.4 (36.7–42.1) | 44.1 (41.1–47.1) | 31.9 (29.4–34.3) | 18.9 (17.0–20.9) | 12.7 (12.3–13.1) |
| Marginal | 15.3 (11.9–18.8) | 32.4 (28.4–36.5) | 50.7 (45.8–55.7) | 34.8 (30.6–39.1) | 32.6 (28.2–37.0) | 25.4 (20.9–29.9) | 14.3 (13.6–15.0) |
| Insecure | 10.6 (8.4–12.8) | 26.7 (23.4–30.0) | 61.6 (57.3–66.0) | 30.7 (26.2–35.3) | 31.6 (27.7–35.4) | 29.8 (26.2–33.5) | 16.3 (15.6–17.1) |
| Employment status | |||||||
| Employed | 21.7 (19.2–24.1) | 34.9 (33.0–36.9) | 42.4 (40.1–44.7) | 42.8 (40.1–45.5) | 32.2 (30.0–34.3) | 19.3 (17.8–20.7) | 13.7 (13.4–14.1) |
| Unemployed | 15.5 (12.7–18.3) | 28.9 (26.0–31.8) | 53.5 (49.5–57.6) | 31.7 (28.0–35.4) | 32.8 (29.5–36.0) | 29.3 (26.0–32.6) | 13.7 (12.9–14.5) |
| Home ownership | |||||||
| Owned home | 21.2 (18.7–23.7) | 35.4 (33.2–37.7) | 42.0 (39.0–45.0) | 43.2 (39.6–46.7) | 31.1 (28.2–34.0) | 20.2 (17.8–22.6) | 13.0 (12.5–13.5) |
| Did not own home†† | 18.2 (15.5–21.0) | 31.1 (29.1–33.0) | 49.4 (46.2–52.7) | 36.7 (33.6–39.8) | 32.7 (30.1–35.3) | 24.3 (21.8–26.7) | 14.5 (13.9–15.1) |
| Insurance status | |||||||
| Insured | 22.3 (19.9–24.6) | 35.0 (33.4–36.7) | 41.4 (39.1–43.6) | 41.3 (38.5–44.1) | 32.5 (30.4–34.7) | 20.8 (19.1–22.4) | 13.4 (13.0–13.7) |
| Uninsured | 13.2 (10.7–15.7) | 27.6 (24.9–30.2) | 57.9 (54.6–61.3) | 35.8 (32.3–39.3) | 31.1 (27.9–34.3) | 25.2 (22.3–28.2) | 14.8 (14.1–15.4) |
| Regular health care access | |||||||
| ≥1 Health care facilities | 21.2 (19.1–23.4) | 32.9 (31.2–34.6) | 44.4 (42.0–46.9) | 39.5 (36.8–42.1) | 32.8 (30.8–34.8) | 22.4 (20.9–24.0) | 13.6 (13.2–14.0) |
| None | 16.6 (13.7–19.6) | 34.3 (31.1–37.5) | 48.0 (44.9–51.2) | 41.8 (37.2–46.4) | 30.7 (26.9–34.5) | 19.5 (16.5–22.6) | 14.0 (13.3–14.7) |
| Country of birth | |||||||
| United States | 19.0 (16.8–21.2) | 32.4 (30.6–34.2) | 47.5 (45.0–49.9) | 40.5 (37.9–43.1) | 31.8 (29.8–33.8) | 21.4 (19.7–23.0) | 14.2 (13.7–14.6) |
| Other countries | 24.9 (21.3–28.4) | 36.8 (33.4–40.3) | 36.1 (32.7–39.5) | 38.1 (34.1–42.1) | 33.4 (30.0–36.8) | 23.8 (20.9–26.8) | 12.2 (11.7–12.6) |
Please refer to Table S5 for sample sizes. Sample sizes were unweighted.
Estimates for overall and by age groups were unadjusted. Other estimates were age‐standardized to the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey nonpregnant adult population, using the age groups 18 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, and 40 to 44 years. All estimates were weighted.
Included current smoking, excessive drinking, poor diet quality, inadequate physical activity, and inappropriate sleep duration (definitions are shown in the Table 1 footnote).
Included dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (definitions are shown in the Table 2 footnote).
Based on the equation with body mass index included as a covariate from the Framingham Heart Study.
The “other” group included other non‐Hispanic ethnicities and mixed races.
Food security level was measured using the US Household Food Security Survey Module in which 10 questions were used to create 4 response levels: full food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Low food security and very low food security were combined into the “Insecure” category.
Renting a home or having other arrangements.