Table 2.
Univariable and Multivariate Adjusted Hazard Ratios of Each Component Psychosocial Construct* as Well as Continuous Psychosocial Clusters on Incident Atrial Fibrillation
| Construct | Individual† | Combinedǂ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI)§ | P value | HR (95% CI)§ | P value | |
| Stressful life events | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.85 |
| Insomnia | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 |
| Optimismǁ | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.56 |
| Social supportǁ | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.16 |
| Social strain | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.02 |
| Cynical hostility | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.003 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.71 |
| Emotional expressiveness | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.02 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 |
| Clusters¶ | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI)# | P value | HR (95% CI)# | P value | HR (95% CI)# | P value | HR (95% CI)# | P value | |
| Stress | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 |
| Strain | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 0.001 | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 0.02 |
All models are stratified by Women's Health Initiative component (clinical trial/observational study). Model 1: Adjusted for age, ethnicity, race, and education. Model 2: Model 1 + waist–hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use. Model 3: Model 2 + hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Stress Cluster: stressful life events, depressive symptoms, insomnia. Strain Cluster: Optimism, social support, social strain, cynical hostility, emotional expressiveness. HR indicates hazard ratio.
HRs and CIs are from a proportional hazards model with incident atrial fibrillation as a function of standardized constructs. Models are stratified by the Women's Health Initiative component (clinical trial/observational study) and are adjusted for age, ethnicity, race, education, waist–hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and myocardial infarction.
Atrial fibrillation modeled separately by each individual standardized construct.
Atrial fibrillation modeled by all standardized constructs in 1 proportional hazards model.
HRs, corresponding CIs, and P values are for an increase of 1 point in the given standardized construct score.
Standardized psychosocial stressor values are inverted.
HRs and CIs are from a proportional hazards model with incident atrial fibrillation as a function of continuous Stress and Strain Clusters.
HRs, corresponding CIs, and P values are for an increase of 1 point in the given cluster score.